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THE
JOURNAE
ORV DHE
Bompay Narurat History Sociury.
Thirty-eight Plates and Ezghteen Woodcuts.
Part I (Pages
HX. MM.
EDITED BY PHIPSON, G.M.2.S., AND
Ww: Ss. MILLARD.
Nv
VOL. XIV.
Consesting of Feve Parts and containing
1 to 196) ...
» LI (CPages 197 to 408) «a. » LIT (Pages 409 to 637) ... » LV (Pages 639 to 828) uw. “i V (Index, éc.) eee
PRINTED
Jay ab) 181 13,
Dates of Publication,
eee eee eco see ese 600 coe
Homban:
\)
24th Jan., 1902. 24th May, 1902. 18th Oct., 1902, 10th, Feb., 1903. 30th May, 1903.
San Mi Sha@nB at Ni Db Ais Sib EAM PRY ES Gi
ERRATA.
Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. XIV.
Page 252, Title, line 2 from top, for ** Afghaniston * read “ Afghanistan.”
Page 253, line 4 from bottom, for “ Du ” read Dun.”
Page 255, \ine 1, for * Jual ” read “ Jubal”.
Page 256, line 3 from bottom, for ‘* invenitit ” read “invenit.”
Page 257, line 3 from top, for ** from” read “ for on.”
Page 257, lines 10 and 11, for ** Thumb.” read “ Thumb,”
Page 258; line il from top, for “ F. B. T.” read “ F. B. 1.”
On Plate XXVI.—To note 9, add “ enlarged.”
Page 259, line 12 from bottom, “ for Miguel’s ” read “ Miquel’s.”
Page 260, about middle, for “ Diplozium ” read “ Diplaziwm.”
Page 260, line 14. from bottom at end of line, ‘ equami” should be “ sguami.”
Page 262, line 9 from bottom, “ deta ” should be “ dela.”
Page 262, line 2, Inde ” should be “ I’Inde.”
Page 265, line 16 from bottom, at end of the line, “ frond” should be “ fronds.”
Page 287, line 13, for “* rufitarsis of the second recurrent nervure,” read “of the second recurrent nervure straight, oblique . . . vrufitarsis”
Page 295, line 10, for “ apical ” read “ anterior.”
Page 297, line 23, for “‘simllar ” read “ similar.”
Page 298, line 7, delete “ Type placed in British Museum.”
Page 298, line 15, for “ Seephanitidi” read ‘‘ Stephanitidi.”
Page 301, line 5 from bottom of page, delete = “ P. poecilus, H. Schaff, 1844, 1. c. WET figs 69927
Page 302, line 14, for ‘“‘abelmoshus ” read “abelmoschus.”
Page 303, line 6, delete ‘‘posteriorly ” after “‘ trituberculate.”
Page 303, line 15, for “ Pl. X.” read “ Pl. A.”
Page 303, line 7 from bottom of page, for “ Berge * read “ Beret.”
Page 304, line 15, after ‘“‘due,” read ‘due),”
Page 304, line 17, for “ Lybantine * read “ Hygiine.”
Page 304, line 19, for “ fig. 15” read “ fig. 13.”
Page 304, line 9 from bottom of page, insert semicolon after second.
Page 304, line 8 from bottom of page, for “‘nimacute” read “ -ium acute.”
Page 305, line 14, for “ fig. 13” read “ figs. 14 and 13.”
Page 308, line 5, for “ Zanna dohrus ” read “ Zanna dohrni.”
Page 401, line 3, should read—“ stated in Vol. IV of “ Birds ” of the Fauna of British India series to be probably fairly” :
Page 436, line 12, from bottom of page for “ Pycnobreon ” read “ Pycnobracon.”
Page 459, line 15, for “* Harrbagh ” read “‘ Harrabagh.”
Page 459, line 16, for 21,51 ” read 24351.”
Page 464, middle of page, for “‘ imordinate ”’ read “inordinate ”
Page 466, line 2, for “ Hat ” read “ Hatu ”’
Page 466, line 8 from bottom, for “ Macleod’”’ read “ Macleod.’
iv ERRATA.
Page 469, line 15 from bottom, for “ stalklets ” read “ stalkless. °
Page 470, line 5 from bottom, for “ II” read “11,”
Page 470, line 2 from bottom, for “ T ” read ‘¢ Y.”
Page 470, line 4 from bottom, for “11” read “10”, and alter the number of the succeeding species accordingly, down to the end of the genus,
Page #71, last line, for “a n w one ” read “ a new one.”
Page 471, line 4, for “and” read “to.”
Page 474, line 11 from bottom, for *Filicine ” read “ Filicine.”
Page 561, line 12 from bottom of page, for “ there” read “ three.”
Page 561, line 11 from bottom of page, for “ Katretar™ read “ Kabutar.”
Page 562, line 12 from bottom of page, for “ Phasisanidae ” read “ Phasianide.”
Page 720, line 14, for “ MeDonel” read ‘* McDonell.”
Page 720, line 3 from foot, insert a full stop after “ Hills.”
Page 721, middle of page, after “ Beddome”’ delete “‘has therefore.”
Page 7 Le line 11 from top, for “had” read “ have.”
Page 722, line 11 from top, insert a comma after the first “ have.”
Page 724, \ine 11, middle of page, for “ previlum” read “ prolimum.”
Page 724, line 16 from bottom, for ‘‘n. sp.—Hope Plate VIII” read “ n. sp. Hope :—- Plate VIII.”
Page 725, line 9 from top, for “ affino”’ read.“ affine.”
Page 725, line 15 from bottom, for “sub patent” read “‘subpatent.”
Page 726, middle of page, for ‘‘ fadyenoid ” read “ fadyenioid.”
Page 727, line 2 from top, Desv. should be in italic.
Page 727, middle of page, for “ Harris” read ‘* Harriss.”
Page 730, line 9 from top, dele comma at end.
Page 731, line 7 fom top, for “ criniate ” read “ erinite.” Page 731, line 15 from top, after “then ” insert * to”.
Page 732, middle of page, after “ very” insert ‘ marked.” Page 735, line 18 from top, for ‘ var. 6” read “ var. 6.”
Page 733, line 17 from top, the Greek » is too small.
Page 733, line 17 from bottom, tor *'Kharsoli” read “ Kharsali.” Page 734, line 12 from bottom, the Greek » is too small.» Page 764, line 11 from bottom, for Greek v read Greek 3, Page 737, line 19 from bottom, for “ Harris” read “ Harriss.” Page 737, last line and word, for “ Gambel” reud “¢ Gamble.” Page 740, line 16 from top, “Afghan” should be in caps.
Page 740, line 18 from top, for “ Harris.” rcad “ Harriss.”
Page 740, line 22 from top, after “ valley ” insert a comma. Plate X X XJI—in the deseription—for “ Sovus’’ read ** Forus.” Page 741, line 3 from foot, for ‘* Pilicum” read “ Filicum.” Page 746, line 11 from top, for “ (——)” read “ [ ee Paye 746, line 4 from bottom, for “ mole” read “ mole.”
Page 747, line 1, for “Sunw. der” read “Sw. under.”
Page 749, line 21 from foot, for 1892” read “1872.”
ERRATA,
Vol. XIV, page 252, in Title, 2nd line from top: for ‘Afghaniston read
”
¢ Afghanistan.’ : 253, 4th line trom bottom : for ¢ Du’ read ‘ Din.’ 255, in Ist line: for ‘Jual’ read * Jubal.’ 256, in &rd line from the bottom : for *invenitit” read ‘invenit- 257, in 3rd line from top: for ‘from’ read ‘for on.” 257, in 10th and 11th lines : for ‘Thumb.’ read ‘Thumb.° 268, in 11th line from top: for ‘F. B. T. read‘ F. B. I.’
On Plate XX VI.—To note 9, add ‘ enlarged.
Page 99
bh)
259, in 12th line from bottom : for ‘ Miguel’s” read ‘ Miquel’s,’
260, about middle: for * Diploziwm’ read * Diplazium.
260, 14th line from bottom at end of line, ‘eguamé’ should be * squami.”
262, 9th line from bottom: ‘deta’ should be ‘dela.’
262, in 2nd line from bottom ; ‘Inde’ should be ‘1’Inde,’
265, 16th line from bottom: at end of the line: ‘frond” should be ‘fronds.
287, line 13: for “rufitarsis of the second recurrent nervure,” read ‘of the second recurrent nervure straight, obli- que . . . rufitarsis.”
401, line 3, should read—*stated in Vol. IV of “Birds” of the Fauna of British India series to be probably fairly ”
GONTENTS OF VOLUME XIV. y
PAGE TST OF CONTRIBUTORS .ccccesercer core. ces ccctesccssecercccorees roses TAT! ORME AHS)! eispbeitesseciccscauseriasesss« DU eS eat aaiat Tur Lites oF MAHABLESHWAR AND OTHERS. By W. P. heeds,
A Cirirodee. OF THE ea OF San AND Boone By G. C. Dudgeon, F.z.8., with Notes by H. J. Elwes, F.ES., F.2.8., &c., and Additions by Sir George Hampson, Burt., B.A, F.ES., Tue Porsonous Pants or Bompay. By Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, LMS.) F.LS., Civil Surgeon, Rutnagiri. Part XOX : With
Plate U) . Pebeee cosgoceceseesocat Wuciaselsasine Weep 20) MeEmotrs ON Ona Ratner By @ W. Rae F.ES
(With Plates A, B and C).. casa lusvedude ne chean Dae steerer EO Tar Harwics or CeyLon. By Malcolm Die es Pie A
and B).. PAPE N eet RBstet ete aie ioelels toceet Oe, NEW SPECIES OF Tennis Hveeopras By B ‘Major C Os &. Nike
13th Bo. Infantry. (With a Plate) .. Seaates vole masuceumente Lin Ue,
Tan DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN PeasoNGe AND Now-poisonous Snakus. By Capt. 1°, Wall, 1m.s. (With Fellaige AW IB. (C)Gye ID ebkec copectecsecnocoosaecmcubece oostod cokes Ue)
Tur Morus oF INDIA. SUPPLEMENTARY ee TO THE Voleue in“ Tue Favna or Britisn Inpra,” Series I., Part V. By Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart., F.2.S., FES. ...... . 103
Tue Ferns oF NortH- Tas Tenet ee C. W. Hope. Pe Titi thivs (Gramanaal| JbNetn, sebceoncaconotes beam odoosogadocsocaccccen. Els
NovES ON SOME OF THE PLANTS INTRODUCED INTO THE Vinonts Garpens, Bombay, DURING THE past 8 Years. By Cavas}i DeMalalumiyalae tart lame en cucmaracses-csssseucciessnoreesca lO
Tue BIrps OF THE MADHUBANI SUB-DIVISION OF THE DARBHANGA District, Trrnot, with Norrs oN SPECIES NOTICED ELSE- WHERE IN THE Drsrricr. By C. M. Inglis. Parr II. ...... 132
MMAR ANI RE MRUNTCHVIMUE ce ec recctessueckicsucos = coveoseeaacn LAO
MisceLLANgEous Notes—
1.—-A Snake anda Fish. By Col. H. D, Olivier, R.z. .. ... 142 9.—Occurrence of the Laggar Falcon in Burmah. By K, C. Macdonald ...........cc2e see ceeeoeesesceess Beal uusaamele ae teen mua
3.—Birds’ Nesting rine Boone and plnct Here, By R. M. Betham, Major, 8th Bom. Infantry ........-seseeraceerees 143
vi CONTENTS.
MisceELLaANEous Nores—contd. 4,—Hyzenas hunting with Jackals. By EH. O’Brien............ 146 5.—Strange behaviour of a Panther. By Geo. BH, Bright ... 146 6.—The Migration of Butterflies in tne Kangra Valley. By
G. C. Dudgeon, F.£.S. Boon .. LA7 7.—Occurrence of the Biel aces oe Credle oa pogon) near Bombay. By HE. Comber ......... . 148 .8.—Oceurrence of the Bronze- ae Teal (Banta fiat) in Sind. By HE. Comber.. a se asese ad 9,—Habits of the Lungoor Monee “Ee th 7 ic yA 10,—Some notes on the Indian Hlephant. By C, “W. Aw Bruce, F.L.s., Forest Dept., Burmah ......... vont
11.—Probable Hybrid between the Indian Bae eles (ee risorius) and the Spotted Dove o urtur oe
By G. Dalgliesh . Sbocdes 5 5G 12.—Occurrence of the Mute Bee (Dee gnus ln) in “Sind.
By G. C. McMullen ............ Jie caleceoek eOG 13.—Wild Animals at Water. By R. G. Bae sauenciate sfap Seema 14.—Elephant Shooting in Upper Burma. By EH. R. Tandines 160 15.—Artifices practised by Bulbuls. By H. H. Aitken ...... 162 16.—On the deposits of Fossil remains of extinct Animals
in the Sewalik Hills on the Punjab and North-West
Provinces. By Lt.-Genl. W. Osborn, 1s8.c. ......... 163 17.,—Habits of the Indian Tree Magpie (Dendreitta rufa). By
t= Genle Wie Osborni.SiCarseccceer. seviceesesivonsen ila 18.—Indian Sheep Dogs, and another Indian Dee By bike
GenleoWe Osborne TSG ccs sues ss sll65 19.—Extract from the Annual Report of Ae act ee the
Botanical Dept., Northern India, for the year 1900-
1901. By J. F. Duthie, Director, Botanical Dept.,
Wl Waele Soscs6eemcce ces -- 168 20.—-Hxtract from the Boo on ve Bota ee Opes
tions in the Bombay Presidency for the year 1900-
1901. By G. A. Gammie, F.L.s., Officer in Charge
of the Botanical Survey, Bombay Presidency ......... 169 21 —A Pied-Crested Cuckoo’s Egg ( Coccystes jacobinus) found
in the nest of the Bengal Red-vented Bulbul
(Molpastes bengalensis). By H. HE. Tooth......ccseccu 172
CONTENTS, vil
PAGE, MiscetLansous Nores—coneld. —
92.—Unusual abundance of Sandgrouse at Deesa. By C. G.
Nurse, Major, 13th Bombay Infantry ......... 2. dd 23.—The Masked Finfoot (Helzopais te in Guiae
By A. M. Primrose.. Wasieses tacos aces) LO 94.—‘* Birds of Prey.” By C. EL Teak inesinesccsossml C4:
25.—Nesting of the Coot (Fulica atra) at Poon By RM:
Betham, Major, 8th Bombay Infantry .. BS eek let 26.—The Flowering of Bamboos. By W. J. Putcher Se aseejsoui lian 27,—Mizration of Butterflies. By 0. G. Nurse, nie 13th
Bombay Infantry ........ ay Al) 28, —Nidification of the Desert Sad. Die iene ie
rum). By Harrington Bulkley.........::2++-sseseerer ees 179
9—The Banded Crake at Khandalla. By R. M. Betham,
Major, Sth Bombay Infantry... IRR RESUS Spa srae USL) 30.—A Rare Snake. By Major A. H. MEM aoa Hee eoa LO
31.—On the New Species of Butterflies recently fetal by Mr. A. G. Butler. By aoe N. Manders, r.a.m.c... 182
32.—List of Birds’ Skins.. 305 .. 183 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ilomreie8 hele on he 16th eel 9th z si 20th August, 17th September and 19th November 1901......... 188
Tur Morus oF Inpia. SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES
iw Tar Fauna or Brrrisu Invi,” Series IL., Part VI.
By Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart., F.2.8., F.ES.sessssreseeerer seers 197 SNAKE Venoms: THEIR Poys1oLoGicAL AcTION AND ANTIDOTE.
By George Lamb, Capt., M.B., LM.S.ecseseeseeeceesensescorseseee 220 On New aAnpD LirrLe-KNoWN BUTTERFLIES, MOSTLY FROM THE
OrientaL Recion. By Lionel de Nicéville, F.z.S., C.M.Z.8.,
&o. (With Plate FF)... bod . 236 Tue Ferns or NortH- Wasnaan. eee By C. W. ee The IlI—The General List.. bans Epa meaded QusbCOGdO | CAae
Dzscriptions or NEw Cuan. AND a on OF Fes COLLECTED BY Magor ©. 8. Nurse at DeEsA, SIMLA AND FrrozeporE. By P. Cameron. Part. (With a Plate)... 267
MeMorrs ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA. a Ga W. ae F.ES. (With Plates A, B and C.)....0 cescceees Laer
Notss on THE Hoc Deer 1n Bonus. 33 eG Cain G. H. Evans, A.v.D. (With 2 Plates)... Ld senetieascus le derseesesciOLe
viii CONTENTS.
Tae Harwics or CEYLON. a Malcolm Burr. (With Plates
PAGE,
A and B.).. ay saelaceneieceioee se Genel 2s scam OlO AlDs TO THE Mr aneeanio OF cree i Capt. F. Wall, 1 LMS. 337 A CaTaLoGuE or THE Heterocera oF SIKHIM AND Buuran. By
G. C. Dudgeon, F.z.s., &e. With Notes by H. J. Elwes, F.z.s.,
F.E.S., &c., and Additions eh Sir Cee F. Hampson, Bart.,
B.A., F.ES., &c. Part XII.. BeccH bocdhG ooodoa ocaron,, GHAD NOTES ON SOME OF THE Baal INTRODUCED INTO THE vierone
GARDENS, BOMBAY, DURING THE PAST 8 YEARS. oa Cavasji
D. Mahaluxmiwala. Part II.. Uae ssc seccanten cen mOOO Tue Birps of THE MADHUBANI Sune -DIVISION OF THE Dae
BHANGA District, TrRHUT, WITH NOTES oN SPECIES NOTICED
ELSEWHERE IN THE District. By C. M. Inglis. Part ITI... 362 MiscELLanzous Nores—
1.—Some further notes on the Narcondam Hornbill (Rhyti-
doceros Narcondami). (With a ie By Crake Cory (Chaplain)... 500 Be 2) 2.—On some Deep-sea F hes uollectod t DY y Mr. y. W. oan send inthe Sea of Oman. (With a Plate.) By GiwAc MBoulen Ger WEAR Ssececeneneecterlescisasscese eee emails 3.—Notes on some Lakhimpur Birds. By H.N. Coltart... 374 4,—The Occurrence of the White-faced Stiff Tail Duck at Mardan. By F.J. H. Barton, Major, Q. O. Corps of Guides .. Sore aA RCo Sade eubsnuarasddoaacsce: aS OS) 35 2 Re traoedinay aeaiide ae a ‘Suakes eae “(With a Plate jes By he Walls Capt: Misa con tececenccestseess-eeen ee 6.—Natural History Notes from Fryer’s Travels. By N. C. Macleod) i cco i lithe ss stewsacurcec.seoec ee tarese ean emmmeSTa GG 7.—Occurrence of the Avocet (Recurvrostra avocetta) near Poona. By R. M. Betham, Major, 8th Bom. Infantry. 386 8.—A novel method of catching a Jackal. By D. Thomson, Major, 28th Bombay Pioneers ......... wee. 886 9,—Travancore Snakes. By H. 8. Ferguson, F..s.. we. 386 10.—Sandgrouse in Northern Gujarat. By C. G. | Non, Major, 13th Bombay Infantry... eee Seceeee OO 11.—Tiger netting in Mysore. By S. M. hee LCISe. .. 388
12,—Birds collected in Hylakandy, Cachar. By Chas. UL.
Inglis PPR eae seat OF seb eeeaetoee BOC neo GAG eee oeassee nest SO gen Ot bee
391
CONTENTS. ix
MiIscELLANEOUS Nores—contd. 13.—The Masked Fin-Foot ( Heliopazs ey u Chas.
ME mais ssn sescce . 392 14.—Nestiny cf the Coot (Pallina doom i an uM ie 392 Do. do. do. By A. M. Primrose... 392
Do. do. do. By W. Howard Camp-
(elles Ssh sb sda GE 15.—Occurrence of the Sheldrake (TL. cornuta) and the Goos- ander (J/. castor) in the Darbhanga District, Tirhut.
Dy Chass Merlino lish aah scene ue. . 893 1¢6.—Note on the habits of Raliina super ee DS | Shae a Gorsachius melanolophus, Blyth. By T. R. Bell ...... 395 17.—Cannibalism in Snakes. By W. 8. Millard, Hony. Sec- TED A | adn acoeeoacaadbodobos anole. scerencoce OOD
18.—Miscellaneous Notes on Birds’ Nera on Boous and elsewhere. By R. M. Betham, Major, 8th Bombay
Infantry seseenaeeteseescoe cen settecseeenseceatssevesterserses OOO
19.—Pteromys tnornatus. By C. H. Donald ..............-0..00. 400 20.—Occurrence of the Red-breasted Merganser (Merganser serrator) near Quetia. By C. G. Nurse, Major, 13th
Bombay: Infantry e.:5. css 5s. sccanco A010) 21.—Nesting of the Grey Pelican one phlepporen & in the Cuddapah District, Madras Presidency. By W.
Howard Campbell ............... . 401 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Muurrnes held on the ith Dee 1901, 21st January, 18th February, 18th March, and 22nd
Apri GO 2 isseeccemun een . 402 Tue Kriye-Cosra, on Hamapryap Nes ee (Cason, Ophiophagus elaps ui ie By Vety. cee GE
Ryans. (With a Plate)... SG au AvOR BOER AUAEEaE w- 409 Descriptions or New eaeae AND Stacie OF Th, ee COLLECTED By Mayor C.G. Nurse at Dussa, Simna ann
WEROZEPORE. By P. Cameron, Part Il. ...,...20.00....... 419 On New anv Lirrie-KNown BurrErriizs, MosTLy FROM THE OrrIENTAL Recion. By Lionel de Niceville, F.E.S., C.M.Z.S,,
oc Meare ey ue lr ee ee ae sreveee 450 THE Ferns or Norta-Wesrern Invi. S C. W. Hope. Rant
IlI—The General List wioiete etahelstataina erartclea claiclamel ae grams hs a cn MOURNE 2
x CONTENTS.
Tae Burrerruiss or tHE Lucknow District. By Geo. W. V. de Rhe-Philipe ......... See GRaes cs Sed aicleabntv be «tab tresiteatematsdoeeses THE Morus or Inpia. SupPpLEMENTARY IE ara TO THE VOLUMES In “ Tue Fauna or British Inpra.”’ Series II., Part VII. Dyas Geek. Eampson, Dante miZas sii ensn) pc ssaeeeecmeton sae Les Formicipes DE L’Eurire pus InpEs nr pE Cryzan. Par AveustE Forrt, Part IX.. Sebo CLAM OROOS aap Capdoasendaocd. A CaTALOGUE OF THE ee OF ee AND TBAeTi By G. C. Dudgeon, F.z.s., &c. With Notes by H. J. Elwes, ¥.Z.8., F.E.S,, &c., and Additions by Sir George F. Hampson, Dalia As sEEAS2; mn OCcb arin Nol Dsus e oh. meio t tera eercneden Te Brrps or THE Mapuusant Sus-Drvision of THE DARBHANGA District, Tirsur, wirn Nores ON SPECIES NOTICED BLSE- WHERE IN THE District. By C. M, Inglis. Part IV.......... ''ae Cagu-Birps oF Caucurra. By F. Finn, Depy. Supdt., indian Wuseum\Calcuttal-oy....0eacse ee iseeerecuessseeee cence rie UATE) MR AOrivEry COLLET sacs. cnt ncocs ceases son Review—Gyats or Mosqortons. By Lieut sseloneven M. Gake
I.MS- > F.R.C.S, OCB Der EMH DeL Lee OTe > CHE aese OO senoer HEeRlitsessesaer *
MtscELLANEous NotEs—
1.—White Anis’ Castles. By G. P. Millett, nr.s. ......... 2.—Small Game shooting prospects : Western India. By HI. D. Olivier, Lt.-Col., r.u., ¥.z a tee Sa ee
3.—Curious course taken by ite Bysid Cornua or tongue Muscles in certain Woodpeckers. By 5, B. Osmaston, Deputy Conservator of Forests ..........-.ss0sceerssesces res 4,—Identification of Accipitrine Birds. By C, H. Donald... 5.—Note on the occurrence of certam Birds in South Sylhet.
Lia Velo ils Jeaehambitolse) daAsrcnbancbcomancdace siaeneetee easine- ceneate 6,—Luthalia lepidea in Western Kumaon. By G. W. V. de une=Ibthine dec .cevansesesacesss Wane hereswesauntews 7.—A Man-eating earthen ( With al enn a W.A. Womauitinge wens -csectcecessieck sis: sce uetiosbshsieeeinestiate
8,—Notes on Birds’ Nodes in the es Sie ‘States oe Burmah, By H. H. Harington, Capt..........
9.—Food of the Krait. By Geo. H. Evans, Vety. Major ... 5
10.—Notes on the occurrence of certain Birds in the Southern Shan States of Burma. By H. N. Thomson, r.z.s., ans Waste Craddock i. iskss55. eee ect dee latent meeneeeees
DAT
600
CONTENTS. xi
MisceniaNnous Nores—contd. 11.—Sword-Fish striking a ye By F. A. Smith, Capt.,
MADE Wins, Bos pqaces Ae apean oe NG re UENO 8) O00 12,—Notes on Birds near icin, ‘By T. E. Marshall, Capt.,
RaNuicamacaie ae eae te AO OIE 13.—Euryale po ay hese). fe Fr. i Fide. Pcccesicecees 606
14,—The Painted Sandgrouse (Pterocles fasciatus) and the Wood-Snipe (Gallinago nemoricola) in the Peshawar Valley. By F.J. H. Barton, Major, the Guides ... 606 15.—Occurrence of the Chestnut-headed Shortwing (Oligura castaneicoronata) and Nesting of the Black-chinned Yuhina ( Yuhina nigramentum) in Kumaon. By 8. L. | Whymper .esissceseceseecccnsccsnsscesssaeasenscsses ces cee 607 16.—* Indian Hobby ” and “ Bulbul.” By E, Ernest Green 608 17.—The Camel Bot Fly. By C. G. Nurse, Major, 13th Bombay Infantry ...1..00> erseecosanveccsesenecessenetees 609 18.—Nidification of Ogle’s Laughing Thrush (Dr ote nuchalis). By H. N. Coltart .. Soodeocnp acess . 609 19.—Note on a Species of Gordius erate in the Bey of a Mantis. es BE. Ernest Green, Govt. Entomologist, Ceylon .. GaN iaet ousisis qeeeea scare OO 20.—Robin eae in ene s [Neat ie Be Wieldicascrcsceeen OL 21.—Bat seizing a Shuttle-cock. By G. H. Coles............ 611 22,—Artifices practised by Bulbuls. By W. D. Cumming... 611 23—Crow and Koel’s Egg. By C. D. Lester, Capt. ......... 612 24,—Note on a Flying Squirrel (Pteromys oral) found in the g Thana District eens By G. M. Ryan, LF.s., F.LS.. RAAT sco) een eee nen eects casiveaseeas codes s/O1L2 25.—On Mothods ea 5 erates ee in ae ‘En tomological specimens. e Col. J. G. Pilcher, FRCS. Bet icmescocics sales cet a bectsatt 613 26.— Vipera Russelli faethe in eee c Wiss: Millard, Hon.Secy., Bombay Natural History Society. 614 27.—Drought-resisting Fodder Plants. By W. Wedderburn... 614 28.—Birds’ Nesting at Ootacamund. By R. M. Betham, Major, Sth Bombay Infantry ......csescssessceseeee serene 620 29.—Weevils in Mangocs. By H, H. Aitken ............s0020. 624 30.—Birds’ Nesting in Kumaon, By 8. L. Whymper......... 624
xii CONTENTS,
PAGE MiscELLsaNEous Notes—coneld. | 31.—A_ Correction... Turdinulus Roberti. Suppression of Corythocichla squamata ms By HE. C. Stuart BakeryF Zs.) | GCs cas eteccest ses te sheeseneee O26 32,—Occurrence of the Mandarin ee in Ted “By IDS OE Stuart Baker, ¥.z.8., &c.. Ue lsbolsenus stiecrivenecoines oat O20,
33.—Merops apiaster breeding in | Bannon By C. G. Nurse, Major, 18th Bombay Infantry .................. 627 34,—Occurrence of the Sooty Tern (Sterna fuli dicey in ie Darbhanga District, Tirhut. By Chas. M. Inglis ... 627 39.—Notes on the Himalayan Nut-cracker (Nucifraga hemispila). By W. Osborn, Lt.-Genl., 1.8.C............. 628 36.—Food of the King-Cobra. By E. H. Aitken............--. 629 ProckepINGs oF THE Meretrnes held on the {dth July, 19th August and 23rd September 1902.............s.0c0sce00. 631 Tue Morus or Inpta. SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES “ Tae Fauna or British Inpra.” Series I1., Part VIII. By Sir G. H. Hampson, Bart., F.2.8., EVES. cc: deccovses sci aecsee) OOO InpiAN Ducks ayD THEIR AtuiEs. By E. C. Stuart Baker, THE ede ERFLIES OF cee By Major G. A. Leslie, R.E., and Lieut. W. H. Evans, r.u. NbAcoGeer seBoodoEnodecdaeactoncs WUE Les Formicripes pE L’Emprre pes INDES ET DE CEYLAN. Par
INUGUSTE OREN, (arhieX cesses GG Notes ON Ceyton Burrerriizs. By Major XN. aoe F.Z.Se5 T.E.S. Lee ee ee or ee ee are @ eeecos pet pet eesage Fee 716
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SEA SNAKE FROM ee oe G. A.
Boulenger,wersss. \(iWeth ai Plate) (ence dee eet eeensechemaple. THE Ferns or Norra-Western Inpia. By C. W. Hope. Part
HG ——The ‘General List) 35.3. .05cssen seeker sean caemeeteeee noes one DO THE ORIENTAL REGION AND rts PostTIoN IN ZOOLOGICAL Grocna-
PHY. guile Combennk: Zs.) csaeeqsccewo ase Bee siecacee | NOOO RovucH NOTES oN THE MAMMALIA OF Gon By Cine i. Folton 758 A CataLogus oF THE Heterocera or SikHIM aND Buutan. By
G. C, Dudgeon, F.£,s. With Notes by H. J. Elwes, F.8.8., &c.,
and Additions by Sir George F'. Hampson, Bart., B.A., F.E.S.,
Bic. Parte SUV dh. sac leit siseviaswapwaue eedenei daetae eeaeiee neem
CONTENTS, xili PAGE Tae Birvs oF THE MADHUBANI SUB-DIVISION OF THE DARBHANGA District, TrrHut, with Norns oN SPECIES NOTICED ELSE- WHERE IN THE District. By C. M. Inglis. Part V ......... 764 Famine Foops. Dioscorea pentaphylla. By G. M. Ryan, Lr.s., NOTES ON SOME OF THE PLANTS INTRODUCED INTO THE VICTORIA GARDENS, BoMBAY, DURING THE PAST 8 YEARS. By Cavasji ID, Welelinecammeles Jeb O00 ice Oncaea sanqneencobecuoodocepeosne Uk DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALS FROM THE ANDAMAN AND Nicopar IsLaNps 782 Dan ATE MR is A STERNDADE.....cescesent oe 804 Rin Gare Mrw@HARLESeWLARINS!) VeMHescaaccscvccdess cee scteeecee es. CUS MisceLiaNEous Norrs— 1.—The Identification of Accipitrine Birds. By C. H. Donald 805 9.—The Banded Crake (Rallina superciliaris). By R. M. Betham, Major, 8th Bombay Infantry.. ee coseepee moll 3.—The Eggs of the Long-billed Babbler (hina ee tilus), By E. C. Stuart Baker, £.2.8., &C......s00s0000+ « 814 4.—Curious site for nesting chosen by the Malabar Whist- ling Thrush (Myophoneus horsfieldi). By R. M. Betham, Major, 8th Bombay Infantry... soacac COLL) 5.—Notes on the Nidification of some birds, ae Nee ma Eggs of which have not been previously described. By B. B. Osmaston, 1.¥.s.... 3 . 815 6.—Bipedal locomotion of a Conloners ae E, Ernest Green... OL 7.—The Nidification ae the Eira oe sae “(Meto- ptdtus indicus). By Ernest Ei. Tooth.. soecag Oe 8.—The Himalayan Nut-cracker (Wuczfraga lami. By B. B. Osmaston.. = econ, (els) 9.—The Chestnut- herded Shorting Onna hats nata). By B. B. Osmaston.. Cebu doles e st eceue Oe. 10.—Some observations on Humenes eee a Huge Cretiniit.-Coly PB.CS., TM.S.2:):sassoccse<> <r seozes) O20. PROCEEDINGS oF THE Mretines held on 27th November 1902 and Sth) camuamy QO cee <ecccccdverans -cince\csvesersavesssse.) O28)
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
VOLUME XIV.
PAGE
AITKEN, EH. H.; Artifices practised by Bulbuls ... a0
—_—_—___-——- ; Weevils in Mangoes 624
- ; Food of the King- Cobra 508 et ae tee
BAKER, E.C. Stuart, F.Z.8., &c. j Occurrence of the Mandarin Duck in India Aas see 500 eee
~-——--——.; A correction—Turdi- nulus Roberti. Suppression of Corythocichla squamata (Baker).
—- ; Indian Ducks and their Allies ... .
; The een of the Long- billed Babbler (Rimator mala cop- tilus) eas SC woe
BARTON, MAgor J. i, Q. 0. tonnes Or GUIDES ; The Ooarmene of the White-faced Stiff Tail Duck at Mardan ... 500 50¢ es
; The Painted Sand-
Grouse (Pterocles fasciatus) and
the Wood-Snipe CGallinago nemo-
SS eee
ricola) in the Peshawar Valley ... 6
BELL, T. R.; Note on the Habits of Rallina superciliaris, Sharpe, and
Gursachius melanolophus, Blyth... :
BeTHaM, Mason R.M., HIGHTH BoMBAY INFANTRY; Birds’ Nest- ing round Poona and elsewhere ...
; Nesting of the
Coot (Pulica atra) at Poona cod
-; TheBanded Crake at Khandalla bo0 on0
—_——__-———-; Occurrence of the Avocet Ciecuneinesira avocetta)
Loe eee
———
near Poona ... ABD oh0 Seerie
— +
; Miscellaneous notes on Birds’ Nesting round
Poona and elsewhere se S608!
-; Birds’ Nesting at Ootacamund ene 500 eco ; The Banded Crake (Rallina swperciliaris) a. ove ; Curious Site for Nesting chosen by the Malabar Whistling Thrush (MW, eS WOUQRAMKD) poo op) eae
eee
—_— +
Cte es
PAGE
BoULENGER, G. A., F.R.S.; On some Deep-sea Fishes collected by Mr. F. W. Fownsend in the Sea of Oman, (With a Plate) ... ees
——_——-—— ; Description of a new Sea Snake from Rangoon (With a plate) ese ess 200 ood
BRIGHT, GEO. E.; Strange bee haviour of a Panther : Bruce, C. W. A. F.L.S., FOREST DEPARTMENT, BURMA; Some Notes on the Indian Elephant ... BULKLEY, HARRINGTON; Nidifica-
tion of the Desert Sand .Lark (Alemon desertorum) — vs OC Burr, MAucoum; The Earwigs of Ceylon. CWith Plates A and B) 59, i Burton, R.G.; Wild Animals at Water eee 200 coe ae
CAMERON, P.; Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Hymeinep- tera collected by Major ©, G. Nurse at Deesa, Simla and Feroze- pore. Parts land 2, (Witha Plate) ae see sore Olly
CAMPBELL, W. HowArD; Nesting of the Coot (Fulica atra)... ese
; Nesting of the Grey Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) in the Cuddapah District, Madras Presidency ... 300 200 600
CoLEs, G.H.; Bat seizing a Shuttle-
ee ac6 aie be eee cog (BILI
CoLtTaRT, H. N.; Notes on Some Lakimpur Birds S06 es 500 eS -Nidificationy of) Osles; Laughing-Thrush ( Dryonastes
nuchalis) ss. eels aoe seo 609
ComBER, H.; F.Z.S8.; Occurrence of the Black-bearded Bat (Zaphozous melanopogon) near Bombay ae
—- : Qeeurrence of tke Bronze-capped Teal (Lunetta fal-
cata) in Sind 900 60 ew. 149
-—— ; The Oriental ioedan and its Position in Zoological
Geography ... n08 200 spo TO
XVI LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
PAGE Conpuit, W. A.; A Man-eating Pan-
ther. (With a Plate) «... eee BOD Cory, C. P., (Chaplain); Some fur- ther Notes on the Narcondam
Hornbill (Rhytidoceros Narcon- dami). (With a Plate) ... wus B12 CrAnpocr, W. H.; and H. M. THom- SON, F.Z.S.; Notes on the Occur- rence of certain Birds in the Southern Shan States of Burma. 600 CRETIN, Lt.-Con. Euc., F.R.C.S,, I.M.S.; Some Observations on Bumences dimidiatipennis ... coe O20 CumMING, W. D.; Artifices practised by Bulbuls ... con p06 cog (BILE
DALGLEISH, G.; Probable Hybrid between the Indian Ring Dove Clurtur risorius) and the Spotted Dove (Lurtur swratensis) oe S56 UND
DoNALD, C. H. ; Birds of Prey dao, Ihe
—-——— ; Pteromys inornatus. 400
; The Identification. of Accipitrine Birds ... - 588, 805
DupGEON, G. C., F.E.S.; A Catalogue of the Heterocera of Sikhim and Bhutan, with Notes by H. J. Elwes, F.Z.S., F.E.S., cte, and Additions by Sir George F. Hampson, Bart., B.A., F.ES., ete. Parts 11, 12, 13 and 14 .. o. 6, 346, 547, 761
—_-—— ; The Migration of Butterflies in the Kangra Valley. 147
Duruis, J. F., Director, BOTANICAL Dept, N. INDIA; Extract from the Annual Report of the Director of the Botanical Dept., Northern India, for the year 1900-1901... 168
Epr, F.J.; Luryale i (Nym- eae soe coe eee 606 Evans, VETY.-Capr. G. H., oe. Notes on the Hog Deer in Burma (With Plates A and B) ... «oe 310 ————-; The King-Cobra, or Hamadryad, Waia bungarus (Boulenger). Ophiophagus elaps (Gunther). (With a Plate) .. 409 —— |" Hood of the Krait. v9
PAGE Evans, LIzvT. W.H., R.E,; and Mason G. A. LESLIE, R.E.; The Butterflies of Chitral coe 666
FERGUNSON, H.S., F.L.S. ; Travan- core Snakes... 500 oad «o. BOO FIELD, F.; Robin lJaying in a Babbler’s Nest ee coc «ee 610 Finn, F., DeEpuTy SUPERIN- TENDENT, INDIAN MUSEUM, CaLtcuTTA; The Cage-Birds of Calcutta ... 50 on0 «e. 564 FOREL, AUGUSTE; Les Formicides de Empire des Indes et de Ceylan. Parts 10 and 11 oo0 . 520, 679 FRASER, 8. M., 1.0.8. ; Tiger Netting in Mysore «e. 200 «2 OOO
| Funton, Capr. H.; Rough Note on
the Mammalia of Chitral.. nin (xs)
GAMMIE, G. A., S., Officer in’ charge of the Botanical Survey, Bombay Presidency ; Extract from the Report on the Botanical Sur- vey Operations in the Bombay Presidency for the year 1900-1901. 169
GREEN, EH. ERNEST, GOVERNMENT ENTOMOLOGIST, CEYLON ; Indian Hobby and Bulbul... 506 ee 605
; Note on a Species
of Gordius parasitic in the body
of a Mantis... 500 coe O10
; Bipedal feomainan
of a Gertenece Lizard ay veo O17
HAMPSON, SIR G. F., BART., F.Z.S., F.E.S.; The Moths of India. Supplementary Paper to the Volumes in “The Fauna of British India,” Series 2, Parts 5, 6, Tand 8 cos «-» 103,197, 494, 689
HARRINGTON, Capt. H. H.; Notes on Birds’ Nesting in the Southern Shan States of Burma... ee 596
Hopg, C. W.; The Ferns of North- Western India, Part 3—The Gene- ral List. (With Plates XXII to 2O2O-4 INDY oo +. 118, 252, 458, 720
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
PAGE. In@LIs, C. M.; The Birds of the Madhubani Sub-division of the Darbhanga District, Tirhut, with Notes on Species noticed elsewhere in the District. Parts 2, 3, 4 and 5 ey OS PSR. sGaNa5eN 764 ~; Birds collected in Hylakandy, Cachar : doo eel ; The Masked Fin- foot (eliopais personata) s-- O92 = ; Nesting of the Coot (Pulica atra) Shc se. O92 ; Oceurrence of the Sheldrake (7. cornuta) and the Goosander (JZ. castor) in the Darbhanga District, Tirhut eee 893 ; Occurrence of the Sooty Tern (Sterna fuliginosa) in the Darbhanga District, Tirhut ... 627
—__— —=
J.F.G.; Habits of the Lungoor Monkey ... ACC 606 wee LAD JARDINE, H. R. ; Elephant Shooting in Upper Burma ... soe «-» 160
KIRKALDY, G. W., F.E.S., Memoirs of Oriental Rhynchota. (With Plates A, Band C.)... 46, 294 KirtTikaR, Lr.-Cou. K. R., I.M.S., F.L.S., CIVIL SURGEON, RATNA- GIRI; The Poisonous Plants of Bombay, Part 19. (With Plate U.) 20
LAMB, Capt. GEORGE, M.B., 1.M.S.; Snake Venoms: Their Physiologi- cal Action and Antidote ... eee 220
LESLIE, Major G.aA., R.H., and Lizut. W. H. Evans, R.E. ; The Butterflies of Chitral onc ... 666
Lester, Capr. C. D.; Crow and Koel’s Egg ... see ene se Oey
MACDONALD, K.C.; Occurrence of the Laggar Falcon in Burma ... 142 MaCLEOD, N.C.; Natural History Notes from Fryer’s Travels we O16 McManon, Magor A. H., A Rare Snake 200 ele ooo 1S] McMULLEN, G. C. ; Occurrence of the Mute Swan (@ygnus olor) in Sind ... ote soe 500 -.. 156 3
xvii
PAGE. MAHALUXMIVALA, CAVASJI D.; Notes on some of the Plants intro- duced into the Victoria Gardens, Bombay, during the past 8 years. Parts 1,2and3. ... 128, 356, 776 MANDERS, Magor N., R.A.M.C., F.E.S., Onthe New Species of Butterflies recently described by MineAniGa Butleran sss : eo. 182 , Notes on Ceylon Butterflies ... eee 00 ae Cals MARSHALL, CAPT. T. E., R.A.; Notes on Birds near Quetta eee 601 MILLARD, W. 8. ; Honorary Secre- tary, B. N. H. Soviety ; Cannibal- ism in Snakes 50d eels coo OD _ ; Vipera Russelli breeding in Captivity eenold MILLETT, G. P., L.F.S.; White Ants’ Castles ves wale oe. U8]
NICEVILLE, LIONEL Ds, F.E.S., C.M.Z.8., &c.; On New and Little- known Butterflies, mostly from the Oriental Region. Parts 1 and 2. (With Plate FF.) 236, 450
Nurse, MAgor C.G., 13TH BOMBAY INFANTRY ; New Species of Indian Hymenoptera. (With a Plate) cAC occ 500 ooo - 0)
— ; Unusual abundance
of Sandgrouse at Deesa ... aco —— ——— _; Migration of Butter- flies... 600 00 400 too 10D ————,; Sandgrouse in Northern Gujarat ... ee oes BOT ——_—_—— —; Occurrence of the Red-breasted Merganser (WMer- ganser serrator) near Quetta ... 400
—_—_——_——_; The Camel Bot Fly. 609 ; Merops apiaster breeding in Baluchistan ... eee 10210)
O’BRIEN, E.; Hyzenas hunting with
Jackals 600 000 206 oo. 146 QOuivizerR, Li-Cor. H.D, RB.E., F.Z.S.; A Snake anda Fish «. 142 shee - ; Small Game Shooting Prospects in Western India ... ooo ove e200 200 583
XVili
PAGE, OSBORN, LT.«GENL. W., I.8.C.; On the Deposits of Fossil Remains of Extinct Animals in the Sewalik Hills of the Punjab and North- West Provinces «.. --- 163 - ; Habits ‘of the Indian Tree Magpie ee one TUFA) os “00 ane -o. 164 8 iediant ones Dogs and another Indian Dog ... 165 ——-———-; Notes on the Himalayan Nutcracker (Nwei- fraga hemispila) ... sole coe 628 OsmMASTON, B. B., Deputy Conser- vator of eres: Curious course taken by the Hyoid Cornua or Tongue Muscle in certain Wood- peckers S00 coc 200 «es. DOT ; Notes on the Nidifica- tion of some Birds, the nest and eggs of which have not been previously described coe eee O15 ; The Himalayan Nut- cracker (Nucifraga hemispila) .. 818
—
-—; The Chestnut-headed Short-wing (Oligura castaneicoro- Rata) 500 os S00 on lt)
PincHER, Cou. J. G., F. R.C.S.; On Methods used to preserve Colour in relaxing Entomological specimens «.. cece 613 PRIMROSE, A. M.; The Masked Fin-
foot (aeons tae in
Cachar cet coslifie — eeerinel of ne Coot
(Fulica afr) toe vee 392
——.; Note on the Onarmuanee of malo) Birds in South Sylhet... 594
RHE-PHILIPE, GEO. W. V. DE; The Butterflies of the Lucknow Dis- trict ... eve see ove «- 481
; Buthalia lenidea in Western Kumaon 400 sony toe)
RYAN, G. M,, I.F.S., F.L.S.; Note on a Flying Squirrel (Pteromys oral) found in the Thana District, Bombay “D0 ere re «7- 612
———_
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS,
PAGE. RYAN, G. M., 1.F.8., F.L.8.; Famine Foods. (Dioscorea pentaphyllum), 772
SmitH, Capt. F. A. M.D, 1.M.S8.; Sword-Fish striking a Ship... 600 Symonps, W. P., 1.C.8.; The Lilies of Mahableshwar and others Seon
THomson, MAsor D., 28TH Bom- BAY PIONEERS, F.Z.5.; A Novel Method of Catching a Jackal ... 386
——; AND W.H. CRADDOCE ; Notes on the Occurrence of certain Birds in the Southern Shan States of Burma ... S06 eee coo 600
TootH, E. E.; A Pied-Crested Cuckoo's Egg (Coecystes jaco- binws) found in the nest of the Bengal Red-vented Bulbul (Mol- pastes bengalensts) o. SH, Sq Ne
; The Nidification of the Bronze-winged Jacana (Meto- pidius indicus) eve Bae coo S17
TutcHER,W.J.; The Flowering of Bamboos_... 206 ove Ay Leer
———— =
WALL, Capt. F., I.M.8.; The Dis- tinguishing Characteristic between Poisonous and Non-poisonous Snakes. (With Plates A, B, C and
IDS); 5 coo a Sie 65128) ee ; Aids to the Differ-
entiation of Brees feds cos Bat! ——-—— ; Extraordinary
magnitude of a Snake’s Meal. (With a Plate) “06 cos ee OID
WEDDERBURN, W.; Drought resist- ing Fodder Plants ... 340 eee G14
WHYMPER, S. L.; Occurrence of the Chestnut-headed Short-wing (Oligura castaneicoronata) and Nesting of the Black-chinned Yu- hina (Yuhina nigrimentum) in Kumaon 400 on a5 cae ODT,
; Birds’ Nesting in
Kumaon sa... ace ce eer 624
——oe
LS! Of PLAT ES,
VOLUME sFiv.
The Gadwall, Chaulelasmus streperus, Plate XI... 208 eee ove Datura faswosa, Linn. Nat. Ord. Solanaceae, PlateU ... eee : : Oriental Rhynchota, Plate A ... BoC ae see C00 oo seo one Ceylon Porficularia, Plate A . ae Hee ete ae ars aA0 Hymenoptera from Deesa and sania wee Bee S06 aes O00 Bee The Distinguishing Characteristics etween Poisonous and Non-Poisonous Snakes, Plate A ...
th) 9 9 ” 23 tp) B
or ? 39 ” > 0 C 200
$F) ” 2 ” ” » D vee Asplenium Tenuifrons, Wallich, Plate XXII 506 ove eee
Mackinnoni, Hope, in Journ. Bot., March 1896, Plate XXII ane _ FKilix-Femina, Bernh. forma Dinter (sp). Wall, Plate XXIV op Duthiei, Bedd., Plate XXV oon one
The Pintail, Dafila acuta, , XII
Oriental Butterflies, . FF 500
Asplenium squamigerum, Mett., Plate XXVI se odo 060 000 sos
Hymenoptera from Deesa and Simla 500 600 S00
Oriental Rhynchota, Plate B ... one eve 500 aes 5p ae aes
5 5 Bue Cae ace S56 600 625 wae ove The Hog-Deer (Cervus por bnua): Plate A... A00 uae ese 200 5 (é m Dyer yexedse nce ec eae S08 eve ae
9
Ceylon Forficularia, Plate B ... sot 006 os oes S00 504 soc
The Narcondam Hornbill Rhytidoceros narcondamé Parascolopsis townsends aes one 50 eve eve The Relative Proportions of a Snake and its ae 00 con 500
The Garganey or Blue-winged Teal, Querquedula ae Plate xls: S00
The King-Cobra, or Hamadryad— aia bungarus (Boulenger), Ophiophagus elaps (Giinther) ... ove S008 00 cae ase
Aspidiwm marginatum, Wallich, “Plate XXVIT Senter soe eee
INS) gs auriculatum, Swartz
B. 5 lentum, Don Plate XXVIII... eon 500 BH eee
C. ,, obliquum, Don
Aspidium (Polystichum) acanthophyllum, Franchet, Plate XXIX ...
A Man-eating Panther andits Kill ... 366 nae 50 ote
The Pochard or Dun-Bird, Wyroca ferina .. exe ven ate a0
Distira henderson’. New Sea-snake from Rangoon ... 406 atic nae oo Nephrodiwm cochlesatum, Don., Plate XXX eee Bos) gmt 500 5p odontoloma, Moor., Plate XXXI 665) 8.900 ao elo. op ramosum, Hope., Plate XX XII 500 eee ace 500 000
€ marginatum, Wall. (Sub Aspidiwm), Plate XXXIII Aaah! 086
6 motlliusculum, Wall, (under Aspidium), Plate XXXIV
‘O2S FON? Hy ‘snueders snusepetneyy
uopuo T UAT out ay sorg Wt3a Fu alg VMd V9 a H 4 jep aspo7y a t)
20C ‘4ST 7 eN Aeguiog winoe
JOURNAL
OF THE
ls CO Ug es gy OS a : dlatural History Society.
Vol. XIV. BOMBAY. No. |.
THE LILIES OF MAHABLESHWAR AND OTHERS.
By W. P. Symonps, I.C.S8.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 20th August 1901.)
The word “lily” surprises in himself, as Count Smorltork said, an interesting study of no inconsiderable magnitude. Botanists use the word to denote either a member of the order Lilzacec, or a species of the genus Lilium of that order. If this paper were confined to the latter sense it would come to an abrupt end, like the chapter on Snakes in Ireland, as there are no true lilies in this Presidency. There is only one Lilium south of the Himalayas, the iarge white lily of the Nilgiris, Lilium neilgherrense. Lilium longiflorum is said by Firminger to flourish in gardens, and Mr. Woodrow says that Lilium auratum, the Golden-rayed lily of Japan, has been introduced into gardens in this Presidency, but seems to have died out. Lilies do not transplant well. The lilies of our gardens, like the wild lilies of Mahableshwar, are Amaryllids, members of the order Amaryllidew, which is put by botanists in a different series from Liliacew. The word lily is commonly used to denote any lily-like flower, generally, but not always, white, of the monocotyledonous or endogenous class, which consists of plants usually with hollow stems, parallel-veined leaves, and parts of flower in threes. This leaves out of account the water-lilies which belong to a class totally different. Shakespeare makes Perdita say :—
Bold oxlips, and The crown imperial ; lilies of all kinds The flower-de-luce being one,
2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV
The crown imperial is believed to be the imperial fritillary, which with the tulips is nearest to the true lily in botanical classification, but no one would ordinarily speak of a fritillary or a tulip asa lily. On the other hand, the flower-de-luce is alily only in name. The fleur- de-lis or royal lily of France is believed to have been originally an Tris, probably Iris pseudacorus, the Yellow Flag, or rather a white representative of that flower. With Shakespeare the lily is always pure white, the type being Lilium candidum of English gardens. Harry V. could hardly have referred to a yellow flower when he said to Katherine: “Shall we not? What sayest thou? My fair flower-de-luce ?”” To which she very properly replied: “ido not know dat.” The flower-de-luce was borne in the Arms of England for many years, and what is of more importance it still marks the north point of the compass-card. An old traveller writes: ‘“ But sailing further it veers its lily to the west,” which is just what happens on the voyage from India to Europe. There are no representatives of the order Irzdece south of the Himalayas and very few in our gardens, the Gladiolus, that much mis-provounced word of short syllables, being a notable exception. A little spotted flower, orange and red, Pardanthus, or Belamcauda, seems to have established itself on Singhar, a survival from the gardens that once flourished in that neglected spot. The place of the Iris is taken by the showy Canna belonging to the great tropical order Scitaminee. A member of this order, Kampferia scaposa, is called the Rice lily. Inthe month of September the plateau between Lonauli and Karli, on either side of the railway, is white with these delicate three-petalled flowers, Belonging to the same order one of the wild turmerics or arrowroots, Curcuma angustifolia, probably with beautiful coma of pink bracts, is often called the Khandala lily, and the orchid men of Mahableshwar commonly give this name to the wild ginger with yellow coma, or the white arrowroot, Another well-known plant which has no claim to the name but the whiteness of its spathe is the Cobra lily, Ariseema Murray?, a member of the order Arotdec, like the English Cuckoo- pint or Lords and Ladies, to which it is nearly related. Another plant of the same order often seen in windows at home is Richardia africana, called the Arum lily or Trumpet lily or Lily of the Nile, ee
THE LILIES OF MAHABLESHWAR AND OTHERS. 3
But it is time we come to the Liliacew. Perhaps the commonest plant of the order at Mahableshwar is the little Indian squill, Scilla indica, which springs up everywhere in May, even on the much- ° trampled Golf-ground. ‘The uninitiated commonly refer to itas an orchid, probably confusing it with the white orchid Habenaria, which springs up a little later. It hasan upright raceme of small pinkish flowers with long purple stamens, and looked at closely each flower can be seen to have six petals (perianth-segments more properly), each pink with a green stripe down the middle, turned back like a Turk’s-cap or Martagon lily. The flower is a near relation of the wild hyaciuth or blue-bell of England. The fieshy green leaves with black spots are used as food, and poor people may now be seen gathering them near Yeraoda. A little pinkish-white star-like flower, Iphigenia indica, may be seen at the same time or a little later, and later still, when visitors have mostly left the hills, appears a pretty white flower with yellow anthers, Chlorophytum breviscapum. It may be seen in July, in compounds in Kirkee and near Yeraoda Jail, carpeting the ground like snowdrops, which it much resembles though not so tall. A taller species, Chlorophytum orchidastrum, bears similar flowers on a scape two feet high. This appears at Mahableshwar in the rains, and may also be found at Sakharpathar. Another lily which, though not seen’ at Mahableshwar, must on no account be passed over is the grand climber, Gloriosa superba, fitly described by its name. The long reflexed waved petals are scarlet and yellow. Tho only other members of the order at Mahableshwar are both climbers and very unlike lilies. Smilaz macrophylla has broad oval leaves with strong veins not parallel, insignificant greenish flowers, and conspicuous clusters of shining green berries, red when ripe. ‘The Asparagus creeper, Asparagus racemosus, has pointed cladodes in place of leaves and racemes of small white fragrant flowers. A standard Asparagus, with no tendency to climb, is found near Poona and is perhaps Asparagus Jacquemonti?, A lovely climber, Myrsiphyllum asparagoides, has lately been introduced into Bombay gardens.
The lily of Mahableshwar gardens is the Blue African lily Agapanthus umbellatus, which belongs to the same tribe as the homely necessary onion and the intrusive garlic. It does not do well in lower regions, Hemerocallis fulua, the Day lily, is sometimes seen. It
4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.
somewhat resembles the Tiger lily. The commonest flower of the lily order in our gardens is the absurdly-named Tnbe-rose, Polyzena or Polyanthes ¢uberosa, really the tuberous-rooted Polyanthes. It is largely grown in native gardens. The other lilies are mostly foliage plants, <Aspidistra, Phormium, Aloe, Yucca, Dracena, Cordyline. Yucca gloriosa, or Adam’s needle, bears at intervals a magnificent spike of white flowers.
To arrive at the lilies of Mahableshwar we must again consider the lilies of the field. The well-known text has given a name to the Solomon’s Seal, or Polygonatum, a little flower resembling the Lily of the Valley, a member of the lily order which however does not grow in Syria. The Greek word used is Krina, but Crina are not conspicuous in Syria, and no doubt the reference was to flowers generally. But the lilies of Mahableshwar are Crina, and though Amaryllids are well worthy of the name of lily. The commonest spe- cies is Crinum brachynema. The huge bulbs may be seen resting on the bare ground on the plateau beyond the old Mahableshwar temple and also just above Kate’s Point. ‘This lily may be distinguished from the larger one more commonly used to decorate dinner-tables by its shorter petals and stamens on the throat. The larger lily has perianth-tube 8 or 4 inches long, perianth-segments narrow, long-pointed, as long as the tube and protruding red filaments. After the publication of the Flora of British India, Mr. Woodrow discovered that this lily had never been properly identified, and sent specimens to Kew, where it was named Crinum Woodrowi. It had formerly been confounded with Crinum asiaticum, a coarser plant. Crinum Woodrowi may be found in great abundance on the slopes below Kate’s Point, lower down than the window and to the west of it. What generations of picnickers have passed by and never seen where grow the lilies! Another beautiful lily, white tinged with red, Crinum lalifolium, is found near Panchgani. These three lilies have their own haunts and never seem to flourish anywhere else. Crinum ensifolium is common in the Poona river, and other Crina are seen in gardens, Practically all the lilies of Indian gardens are Amaryllids—Zephyranthes or Swamp lilies, one white, the other rosy ; Hippeastrum or Knight’s lily, red or white ; the Jacobean lily (Amaryllts or Sprekelia formosissima) ; the Hucharis lily, Pancratium or Spider lily, and others, A little Pancratium,
THE LILIES OF MAHABLESHWAR AND OTHERS. 5
identified at Kew as P. triflorum, is found at Mahableshwar. The filaments in this genus, asin Hucharis, Hymenocallis, Eurycles and others, are united to forma membranous cup within the periauth, resembling the crown of the Narcissi. A little yellow star-like flower, scarcely above the ground, is also found at Mahableshwar, which is Curculigo. orchioides. Its root, called masli, is valued for medicinal virtues. Mr, Birdwood’s catalogue gives Curculigo malabarica also, but this is probably the same. Larger male flowers appear by them- selves and look like a different species. The only other plant of the order to notice is the common hedge agave, Agave vivipara, often wrongly called Aloe, which isa lily. The difference between the Amaryllidee and the Liliacee is mainly in the position of the ovary. In flowers of the latter order the immature seed-vessel may be seen standing in the middle of the perianth. In the Amaryllids it is only perceptible as a thickening of the green pedicel or flower-stalk below the perianth, This is very conspicuous in the Crina, the Snowdrop and others, The Jrzdew and the Scztaminee have the same peculiarity and are placed in the same series with the Amaryllidee. The Orchids have also the ovary inferior, but the seeds being microscopical, it is not conspicuous until the perianth falls off, though it issometimes coloured like the perianth. Dendrobium speciosum, a near relation of the early orchid of Mahableshwar, is called in New South Wales the Rock Lily. But the Liliacew and the Amaryllidee, though unimportant orders in India, provide us with sufficient flowers of great beauty and interest without going further afield in search of lilies.
6
A CATALOGUE OF THE H“TEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. By G, C. DupGEzON, F. &. s. Wirn Norss sy H. J. Eiwes, F. £. s., F. Z. 8., &C., AND ADDITIONS BY Sir GEORGE Hampson, Bart., B. A., F. E. S., &C. Part XI. ( Continued from Vol. XIII, page 674.) Family HYPSIDAi—continued. Genus Macroprocuis, Herr Schiff. 1308. MM. gigas, W1k.
Sikhim and Bhutan. A very common species which may often be seen flying during the day. The form leucospilota, Moore, is perhaps the one most frequently met with, but atrata, Butl., and albzsans, Butl., with their intermediate forms are not rare. It occurs in May, June and September. The top of the head in all specimens I have seen is invariably orange.
Family ARCTIADZ. Sub-family NOLIN At. Genus Nronoua, Hmpsn. NV. mesosticta, Hmpsn. >Sikhim, 1800 feet up. Not common at the lower elevations. I obtained two specimens in July and August attracted to light. Genus CeLama, WIk. 1532. C. lativittata, Moore, (Piate II, Fra. 11.)
Sikhim and Bhutan, 2500—3000 feet. I have four specimens which I took at Fagoo attracted to ight in August and October. I never captured it in Sikhim. Three of my specimens are males and have the antenne strongly pectinated.
1538. C. encausta, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, 1800 feet. This is rather rare and my only epee were taken at Punkabaree at light in October.
1530. C. fasciata, W1k.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1800—38000 feet. A well marked species, not un- common. A fresh specimen of a male in perfect condition in my collection has dorsal tufts of pale brownish scales on the first and second abdominal segments and the extremity of the abdomen with a
-- HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHOTAN. 7
buff-coloured tuft of long hairs over the claspers. It occurs from June to November. C. disticta, Hmpsn.
Bhutan, 2500—3000 feet. Common at light i in May, June and
ee 1526. C. astigma, Hmpsn. :
Sikhim. Ihave not taken this. (The only Sikhim specimen I have seen, the type of the female, was taken by me at light at Darjee- ling in July.—H. J. £,) | C. ‘duplicilinea, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, 6800 feet. Rare in August in Darjeeling station,
1528. C. internella, W1k.
Bhutan, 2500 feet. I took two males of this species at F ag00 at
light in August. 1541a. CC. erythrostigmata, Hmpsn. (PLATE II, Fra. 31. )
Bhutan, 3000 feet. I have only procured two specimens of this both taken at light in August at Fagoo. Pisaramedioronata, Hmpsn,, is synonymous,
1520. C. teniata, Snell.
Bhutan, 3000 feet. Only one specimen, a female which I took in November 1894 at Fagoo. This may be referable to C. mesomelana, Hmpsn., but is pure white, not brownish-white.
C. suffusa, Umpsa.
Sikhim, 7000 feet. J have not seen a specimen.
C. mesomelana, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, I have not received this unless the insect I have fdentited as C. teeniata, Snell, isa female of it. The male only is described by Sir Geo. Hampson. (A very distinct pale brownish species with prominent black medial band.— G. F. /7. )
1534a. C. marginata, Hmpsn. (Puate II, Fic. 27. )
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1800—8000 feet. I have several specimens of this from these two localities. I have also taken it in the Kangra Valley Punjab, It occurs in March, April, May, August, September and Octo- ber. It is therefore probably double-brooded.
| 1527. Ci squalida, Staud.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 2500 feet, Rather scarce in May and June at light,
8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,
1531. C. pumila, Snell.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1800—2500 feet. Very common from March to July and again in September.
1523. C. fleauosa, Pouj.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 6800 feet. Iam very doubtful concerning my identification of this species. I have one specimen marked J, confusalis, Dup., by Sir Geo. Hampson which I think may belong to this. (1 took a specimen on Tonglo in July which has been identified with Nola confusalis by Snellen. I have one of Moore’s types of WN. sikhima which appears to me different, though Sir G. Hampson considers it a synonym. ‘This form or species | took at Darjeeling on June 21st.— Jeb dhe. 10p)
C. polia, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, 7000 feet. I have not seen a specimen.
C. pheochroa, Hmpsn.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1800 feet up. This occurs in great numbers at the commencement of the rains at Fagoo, and is of the small suffused form.
Genus Nous, Leech. 1534e. NV. tenebrosa, Hmpsn. (Puare Il, Fic. 24.)
Sikhim, 1800 feet ; Bhutan, 2500 feet. This is not rare at light in May and June. I have specimens also which I took in April, Septem- ber and November.
N. loxoscta, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. I have not seen a specimen.
1537. LN. brunella, Hmpsn.
Sikhim and Bhutan. I have one specimen which I am, however, not sure about, but which corresponds fairly well with Hampson’s figure in Ill. Hot. IX. My specimen was taken at Fagoo at light in June.
1524a. N. punctilineata, Hmpsn. ( Prats Il, Fic. 25.)
Bhutan. I obtained two females only at Fagoo at light, one of which bears the date July.
1535. NV. argentalis, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan. Occurs not commonly in July. (I have twelve specimens varying somewhat of this, some of which I took at Darjeeling in August, others from Miller’s, Knyvett’s and Atkinson’s collections, I should call it one of the commonest of the Nolince at
HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 9
Darjeeling, perhaps some of them belong to the following, but only a specialist can name such insects with any certainty. —H. J. ee NN. melanota, Hmpsn.
Sikhim and Bhutan. This species is so like the iast that I do not think it is really veparable. WV. argentalis has the markings more clouded and is larger, but the same markings can be traced in NV, mela- nota better defined. The postmedial line being punctiform is scarcely, I think, sufficiently characteristic. Itis found from 18.0 feet up to 7000 feet in Sikhim, and I have one specimen from Bhutan from 2500 feet. July to October are the months during which I have taken it. (Quite distinct ; much smaller ; antennze with the branches shorter and paler than WV, argentalis, patagia wholly white— G. F. H.)
1533. NN. distributa, W1k.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1800—3000 feet. This is a common species at light at Fagoo and is to be taken at light from May to September. I have a specimen from Kangra also, which difters from Sikhim speci- mens in having the forewing broader and shorter.
N. tristicta, Hmpsnv.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 6400 feet. This species is apparantly very nearly allied to MN. distributa and N. microphasma. I have one specimen taken in September at Rissoom and another, which Iam not quite sure belongs here, taken in June.
1534 6. N. microphasma, But]. (Puate II, Fic, 26.) Bhutan, 2500 feet. i have taken this at light in July and August. 1520 a. WN. laticincta, Hmpsn. ( Puare II, Fie. 28. )
Bhutan. The type which is now in the British Museum is the only specimen I have seen.
1534 d. N. nigrisparsa, Hmpsn. (Prats II, Fia. 21. )
Sikhim and Bhutan. Five specimens have been taken by me at light at from 1800—3000 feet, in May, August, October and November.
Genus Pacitonota, Hmpsn. 15416. P. seminigra, Hmpsv. (Puate II, Fie. 30. )
Sikhim, 1800 feet ; Bhutan, 2500 feet. I have eight specimens, six of which were taken by me at light at Fagoo and one at Punkabaree. Three of my specimens are males and differ only from the female in having the antennz bipectinate, with the branches shorter towards the apex. It is on the wing in June, July and August,
3
10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.
Genus Me_anocrapuia, Hmpsn. M. tympanistis, Hmpsn. (Puate II, Fre. 22. )
Sikhim,1860 feet. I obtained two specimens at light at Punkabaree, one of which bears the date August 1897. It is attracted to light.
Genus DraLitHoprERA, Hmpsn. 1545 a. D. gemmata, Hmpsn. (Prats II, Fic. 29. )
Sikhim, 1800 feet. I have nine specimens taken by me at light at Punkabaree in May, July, September and October, The fovea at the upper angle of the cell of the forewing in the male is partially hidden beneath a large tuft of metallic scales.
Genus RasELia, Hiibr. 15456. BR. lignifera, Wk.
Sikhim, 1860 feet ; Bhutan, 2000 feet. I first met with this insect in the larval stage in 1894, having discovered a colony of them upon a felled tree ai Fagoo. From these, six or seven perfect insects were obtained all emerging in December. The caterpillar has the appear- ance of a snowflake, as it is covered with a downlike easily detached substance similar to that found upon the larva of Epicopeia. The successive cast skins of the head are attached one above the other to a tuft of long hair behind the head. Subsequently at Punkabaree I obtained five more of the perfect insect in February, May, July, November and December.
1546. &. scripta, Moore.
Sikhim, 7000 feet. Occurs but not commonly in Darjeeling in July and August. (This pretty and distinct species occurs from April to July at Darjeeling at light—H. J. EF.)
1547. RR. strigivena, Umpsn.
Sikhim. I have only taken this on one occasion. It must be a rare species. (I never took this myself, the type came from Moller’s cellec- tion and seems very distinct.— H. J. E.)
R. triangulalis, Leech.
Sikhim. There is one female in the British Museum from my collection, but I have never taken it again.
1544. FR. argyria, Hmpsn.
Sikkim. I never obtained this. {A well marked species of which I have but one specimen and do not know its date or exact locality.
SE)
HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 11
1549. R. ntida, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, 1800 feet; Bhutan, 3000 feet. I obtained three males at light in November 1894 and 1897 at Fagco and Punkabaree. I have since taken one female in the Kangra Valley in September. The male has the antennee bipectinated.
1540 a. R. argentescens, Hmpsn. ( Puate II, Fic. 32. )
Sikhim and Bhutan, 3000 feet. A rare species of which I only obtained two females at light, one of which bears the date August.
1545. R. semirufa, Umpsn.
Sikhim. - I have not received this species. (I have only one speci- men, the type which I believe came from Knyvett’s collection. — JG Sh, 185)
1547 a. R. cuneifera, Wik. (Prats II, Fie. 13.)
Sikhim and Bhutan, 2500 feet. In my figure of this species the abdomen is represented as pargially dark-brown, this is incorrect. In the seven specimens in my collection it is greyish-white. My speci- mens were taken by me at light in April, May, June and August. I only once procured it at Badamtam, the others being all from Fagoo. Selca ruficosta, Hmpsn., is synonymous.
1522. R. denticulata, Moore.
Sikhim. I have not taken this. (My specimens were taken at Darjeeling in August and have been compared with the type in the col- lection of Atkinson. Snellen has the same insect trom Java, —H. J. E.)
1548. &. aseripta, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, 1800 feet. I took one male of this in September at Punkabaree.
Sub-family LITHOSIAN A. Genus Nrosnavia, Hmpsn. 1379 a. N. scoteola, Hmpsn. Sikhim, 2600 feet. The type in the British Museum is from Dr. Pilcher’s collection. I have not met with the species. Genus Poxios1a, Hmpsn. 1381le. P. muricolor, WI1k., Sikhim, I have not taken this. 13816. P. punctivena, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, 1800 feet. Rare at Punkabaree where | obtained three
specimens only in June, July and September.
ig JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,
1347. P. brunnea, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan 2500—6400 feet. “I have only one pair of this obtained at light in June and September.
1353. PP. cubitéfera, Hmpsn.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 2500 feet. Occurs commonly at light from May to September at Fagoo.
Genus Lexis, Wellen. L, julveola, HAmpsn.
Sikhim, 2600 feet. Type in British Museum. Two specimens are recorded from Dr. Pilcher’s collection.
Genus Mirauna, Moore. 1372. M. quadriplaga, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 2500-6700 feet. A common insect with a great range of distribution in this locality. It occurs from June to October. 1872b. MM. strigifera, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. I have not obtained this.
Genus InemA, Hiibn. 1363. JI. tortrécotdes, Wk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 2500 feet. Common in May, July, August
and Octobere (Occurs at Mongpo in June.— H. J. E. ) 1373. JI. tumida, Wk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 2500 feet. I have taken this only in the latter locality from July to September. I have four males and four females in my collection all captured at light.
1374. JI. protuberans, Moore.
Sikhim aud Bhutan, 1800—3000 feet. I have often taken the female of this species, but only once have I found a male. It is attracted to light in May, June, August, September and November.
1336. J. distorta, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 3000 feet up. CommoninJune, Males scarcer than females.
1329. TI. tetragona, W1k.
Sikhim, 5000 feet. Ihave never taken this myself, but have two specimens brought in by collectors. (I have several from Méller’s and Knyvett’s collections taken in April, but never saw it alive myself. It yaries much in size and it looks as though two species were confused under this name.— H, J. LH.)
HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 3
1331. I. venosa, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 3000—6800 feet. I have four specimens. This is either a variable species in markings or two of my specimens belong to another species. (I also think 1 have two species under this name but not enough of them to form an opinion upon. I have taken it in the Khasia hills in September at about 4000 feet.—H. J. E.)
1334. JI. plumbeomicans, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, 4000 feet. I have not seen this. (I also have never seen this from Sikhim, the types are from the Naga hills. —H. J. E.)
1334b. I. brunnea, Moore.
Sikhim, 7000 feet. Number 1347 in Hampson’s Moths of India is Poliosia brunnea, Moore, not this species.
1348. J. auriflua, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 3000 feet. I have only one pair taken in October.
1371. JL. vagesa, Moore.
Sikhim, 1800 feet. I have only two females which I took at light in May and July. Both sexes are very common in the Kangra Valley Punjab, during the rains. (I have both sexes from Modller’s collection but never took it myself.—H. J. E. )
1354. J. oblitterans, Feld.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 6400 feet. I took two specimens at Rissoom in April attracted to light. Numbers 1355 and 1354 are the same species. :
1358. IL. conformis, W1k.
Sikhim and Bhutan. ‘he neuration of the forewings of specimens from Sikhim differ from those from Kangra Valley. In the former veins, 10, 7, 8 and 9 arestalked in the order given with 6 from below the angle of the cell, but in the latter 10, 9, 8 and 7 is the eH. with 6 close to the origin of them.
I, perdentata, Druce.
Bhutan. I have two males corresponding with the figure in Cat. Lep. Phal. There isa deep groove in the forewing from the base along the lower sides of vein 2 and another below vein 38. The Bhutan specimens agree with the figure of the female in Hampson’s Plate, but the interspaces beyond the medial angled line are fuscous leaving the yeins rather broadly ochreous. The neuration is as follows :—Forewing;
14 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.
2 from middle :of cell curved near the base, 3 and 4 en a long stalk, 6 from below angle, 7, 8 and 9 on a long stalk, 10 free, 11 and 12 anastomosing : hindwing normal. Taken at light in July and August, at Fagoo.
1352. JL. reticulata, Moore.
Sikhim, 7000 feet. I have only one specimen in my collection which was taken by Dr, Pilcher in May. (I have two pairs of this distinct species but without exact indication of locality —H. J. EL.)
1362. J. guadrisignata, Moore.
Sikhim. I do not know this, (1 cannot identify this trom Moore’s plate though I have one which Sir G. Hampson thought might be it—_H, J. LE.)
1368. J. terminalis, Moore.
Sikhim. This also is not known tome. (I do not know on what grounds Sir G. Hampson treated L. semijusca, Elwes, P. Z. 8,, 1890 p. 20, fig. 204, as aform of /, termenalis. My type is most unlike Moore’s figure.—H. J. E.)
1366. J. cucullata, Moore.
Bhutan, 2500 feet. [have one male taken in July which corresponds to this in the head and thoras being black and the forewing brown. There is no areole ; 10, 7, 8 and Y are stalked and 6 is from just below the angle of the cell.
1348a. J. chrysophleps, Hmpsn. (Puars I, Fie. 10)
Bhutan, 3000 feet. The type inthe British Museum is the only specimen I have taken.
1342. I. fumidisca, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. I have never received aspecimen. (I have two specimens so named by Sir G. Hampson from Méller’s collection, one of which seems to me identical with what he calls J. antica, but I have not examined the venation. Whether mine are the same as the types from Tenasserim is, I think, doubtful—H. J. 4.)
1341. J. vicaria, Wk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1800—3000 feet. Common in June, July and
August. J. antzca, WIk., is a synonym of this species. 1343. JI. griseola, Hibn. Sikhim and Bhutan. I have taken this in May, Juneand November
at Funkabaree.
HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 15
1850. I. wanthocraspis, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. I have nothing to correspond with the figure given in Cat.
Lep. Phal. Hampson. J. nigripars, Hmpsn., is a synonym. 1382. I, basinota, Moore.
Sikhim. I have only one specimen taken in April by Dr. Pilcher (I have one from Moller taken in May, another from Knyvett. It seems rare.— 7], J. FE.)
1356a. I. nigripes, Hmpsn.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1800—2£000 feet. The ferewing of the male is broader and paler than that of the female. I have nine specimens, all taken in May at light.
: 1370. I. nigripars, W1k.
Sikhim. Ihave never received this from this locality but have recently taken it in the Kangra Valley. JL. pallens, Moore, is a synonym. (I have § specimens taken at Darjeeling in July and August referred to this by Sir G. Hampson. They vary a good deal and I cannot draw the line with certainty between some of them and L. reticulata, Moore, as identified by him and Mr. Butler, of which I have 4 from Moller’s collection. A Khasia specimen is also intermediate. 1 think they require further study —H. J. E.)
1338. J. varana, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 6700 feet. Ihave only one female which I took at Pasheteng. This was attracted to light in October. (This was not uncommon at light at Darjeeling during the rains of 1886.— Hf, J. E.)
Genus CHrysorABpia, But]. 1327. C. viridata, WIk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 6000—7000 feet. I have taken this at light in June, July and September. (Taken by me at Darjeeling and at light on Tongloo, 1000 feet, in July and August— H. J. EL. )
1328. C. divitta, Wk.
Sikhim. Ihave not received this. (I have two males of C. dis- juncta, Moore, from Moller’s collection both taken in September and two females of what Sir G. Hampson has identified as C. bivitta, taken in May and June. Ido not believe they are sexes of the same species ; the patagia of the female being quite different, as are the markings of the forewings from those of C. désjuncta. As Walker says the
16 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,
thorax of C. dcvitta has a green spot on each side, these females cannot in my opinion belong to that species and may require a new name, if, as I suppose, they are not the females of C. disjwncta.— EPI E:)
13280. C. aurantiaca, Hmpsn.
Bhutan, 6700 feet. I took one male at Pasheteng in September attracted to light. ( Walker’s description of C. bévitta, I consider applies better to this species than to what Sir G. Hampson has identified with it, and I believe the name aurantzaca should be sunk as a synonym, The types were in Mr. Saunders’ collection from ‘“ Hindostan.” I have it from the Khasias whence many of Walker’s types came.— lala dh, J8p))
13285. C. alpina, Hmpsn.
Yatung, 10000 feet. This may probably occur at similar altitudes in Sikhim proper and Bhutan. The Chumbi Valley, in which Yatung lies, is situated on the Southern watershed of the Himalayas and possesses a similar fauna to that ef N. Sikhim.
Genus Curysaneiia, Butl. 1325. C. magnifica, W1k.
Sikhim, 7000 feet. I do not think this is uncommon in Sikhim, but I have only one specimen in my collection without date. (I have two pairs from Méller’s collection. The femalesare much larger than the males. Mr. Knyvett told me he had taken it at Jor-pokri at about 7000 feet on the road to Tongloo.— H. J. LE.)
Genus Acytia, WIk. 1312. A. apicalis, Moore.
Sikhim, 5500 feet. I have only procured two examples at Tukvar. I do not think it is separable from A. albefinis, Wik. The specimen remaining in my collection has the cilia of the hindwing white from the apex to vein 4, (I have one male and three females from Sikhim, of which two females only have some white on the cilia of the hindwing, A pair of A, albifinis from Sabathu, N.-W. Himalayas, have much more white, but 1 expect Mr. Dudgeon is right about their being varieties of the same species—H. J. £.)
1320. A. divisa, Moore.
Sikhim. (A single specimen from Moller’s collection is exactly like
those I have from the Khasias— H. J. E.)
HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 17
1313. A. beema, Moore.
Sikhim, 7000 feet. Rather scarce in Darjeelingin June. Mr. Elwes remarks that he took it at 5000 feet in May and at Darjeeling in June, bui; did not find it uncommon.
1308. A. metawantha, Hmpsn. (Plate Die jig lia): : Bhutan, 2500—3000 feet. The type in the British Museum is the only one I have procured. 1321, A. rufifrons, Moore. ‘Sikhim and Bhutan, 2500 feet. I took this at Fagoo in May at light. 1319. A. albocinerea, Moore.
Sikhim, 7000 feet. Occurs in August in Darjeeling. (Seems rare as I have only three specimens which resemble A. sericeipennis closely, but have not the orange colour of that species. —Z. J. E.)
1809. A, prasena, Moore.
Skhim and Bhutan. This species was included in she genus Macrobrochis inthe Moths of India, Vol. 11 ; it resembles MM. gigas, Wik., somewhat in markings. Not common from May to September.
1315. A. ramelana, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 5000—7000 feet. A common insect in Darjeeling down as far as Tukvar from June to September. (The females vary very much, in one, the spots of the forewing are absent, in another, they are almost obsolete on both wings. In the male the band of the forewing varies in size and shape.— H. J. EF.)
1316. A. dzpars, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 6700 feet. I have only one male from the last locality. It differs from the description given in that, the terminal half of the forewing is brown witha bluish metallic lustre. (I have a similar male from Atkinson’s collection which is distinct from my only female which has the markings of a male of A. ramelana. I havea third one (sex doubtful ) with yellowish hindwings, the same size and with similar markings to A. ramelana.— H. J. E.)
1314. A. maculata, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1800—2500 feet. Rare, I have only obtained four males and two females in April, July and August. In one female only a small black spot remains on the hindwing. ( I have three males anda female from Moller’s collection, but never took it myself.— Jie, Sha)
3
18 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,
Genus Lrrnosta, Fabr. 1326. ZL. quadra, Linn.
Sikhim, Occurrence based upon one abnormal specimen in the col- lection of Mr. Elwes. (I hardly think this specimen can be the same as J. quadra, but it is hardly fit to describe and we must hope that others will be found to settle the question of its identity.— H. J. E.)
Genus Aaristus, W1k. 13806. A. guttivtta, WIk.
Sikhim, 7000 feet. Not common at light in Darjeeling. (I found this common in 1886, but there is evidently much difference in the abundance of some species in different seasons.—H. J. LE.)
Genus Sricrane, Hmpsn. 1390. SS. fractilinea, Snell.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1800—3000 feet. I have taken this at light in June, July and October. In all my specimens the medial band on the . forewing is continuous and unbroken. 4mene mult¢puncta, Hmpsn., is asynonym. ( Probably this is what I have as Oemene maculifascia, but I should not like to identify it with certainty— A. J. EL.) d£mene maculifascia, Moore, is placed in the genus Parasiccia by Hampson.
Genus Loposasis, Hmpsn. 1598a. L. nivetmaculata, Hmpsn.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 2500 feet. The type is the only specimen I have taken.
Genus GarupiniA, Moore. 1400a. G. biplagiata, Hmpsn.
Bhutan, 2500 feet. The type in the British Museum is the only specimen taken by me.
Genus Hucyctorera, Hmpsn. 1394a. E. plagidiscea, Hmpsn.
Bhutan, 2500 feet. I obtained two specimens only of this, one of which is in the British Museum. The one in my collection was at- tracted to light at Fagoo in July.
Genus PapEntA, Moore. 1401la. P. duplicana, Wk.
Bhutan, 2500—38000 feet. I took one specimen of an insect which seems intermediate between P. transversa, WIk. and P. duplicana, W1k., in March 1895 at Fagoo. The forewing is yellowish white with
HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 19
cupreous narrow bands, the antemedial one being slightly angled below the cell, and the postmedial one arising from just beyond the middle of the costa and running obliquely to vein 2 where it is sharply angled downwards and continues parallel to the outer margin. Genus Oxacmz, Hmpsn. 1393. O. dissimilis, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, Ihave not seen this. It is said to occur at 2800 feet. (I have the typefemale of this curious little species which must be very rare in Sikhim.— H. J. £.)
20
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY.
By Lieut.-Cotone. K. R. Kirtikar, I.M.S., F.L.S. ‘Crivin SurGEON, RaTNaAGIRi. Part XIX. (Wirth Pate U.) (Continued from page 623, Vol. XI.) DATURA FASTUOSA, Linn. NatuRAL ORDER—SOLANACES.
Maratat:—8qt (Dhatixd), FAI (Dhitrd), aaa (Dhotard.)
This is a herbaceous, coarse, rank-scented plant, with a colourless juice. Older parts of the plant, glabrous; younger and growing parts covered with evanescent whitish pubescence, otherwise known as “ silvery-down,”
STEM.—it is irregularly zigzag ; 1-2 ft. high, even 4 or 5 ft. some= times ; rather succulent from containing much pith.
Bark—polished, greenish generally, with a puplish tinge most marked at the nodes; at times slightly rough either with minute scattered hairs, or when without hairs, showing scars wherever any hair existed in the early stage of the bark.
BraANcHES—divaricate ; marked with scars of fallen leaves.
LEAVES—generally 5 to 6 inches long ; triangular or ovate, but acuminate always, even if rounded.
LEAF-MARGIN sometimes entire, oftener with a few large lobes ; at times these large lobes have a few coarse short teeth. The leaves appear to the naked eye quite glabrous, but the magnifying- glass often shows a very minute pubescence on the upper as well as the under side of the leaf. The leaves, as a rule, are glaucous-green above, and paler beneath. he Mrp-r1s is prominent below, with a dash of purple; so are its main branches. The VeINs are pellucid ‘«sinuate and pinnate.” The leaves, says Clarke, are ‘‘ ovate entire or deeply toothed, glabrous.” (Hooker’s Fl. Br. Ind., Vol. IV, p. 242).
PETIOLE—1-2 inches long. SrrpuLes—absent.
FLOWERS—hermaphrodite, very large, solitary, erect from the node, but not axillary. Hooker remarks that the flower-buds in early stage are puberulous; so they are under a magnifying-glass, PrpuncLes—short stout, purplish, solitary. Bracts—absent.
R.J.Budhavarkar del Mint ern Bros.Chromo hth. London. THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY.
Datura fastusa linn Nat.Ord Solanacec.
Alp Nok. Ste «
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 21
CALYX.—Tubular, free, 3 inches long, sometimes a little longer ; very minutely adpressed-pabescent: circumsciss, SEGMENTS—5 ; often only 3 or 4; 4-4 inch, wide; green, triangular, acuminate, acute. The lowermost portion 3-3 inch, persistent and enlarged in fruit. Lobes at apex $ inch long, ovate-lanceolate, according to some writers.
COROLLA—tubular, funnel-shaped (otherwise called trumpet- shaped). Tuse—over 7 inches, generally, gradually widening upward. Lmp—recurved, 4 inches or more in diameter. Lopes—five ; pubes- cent on the back ; their plait or midrib terminating in a short linear or recurved acute tail. MstivatioN—plicate or valvate in funnel- part of the corolla ; and contorted at apex, 2.e., spirally twisted in bud, as also after the flower is fully open.
ANDRCGCIUM,
STA MENS —ineluded ; about as long as the corolla-tube.
FinamEents—filiform ; adnate to the corolla-tube from base half- way up ; free further on.
AntrHERs—linear ; bi-lobed ; each lobe nearly ? inch long. Dr. Trimen says they dehisce vertically, meaning of coarse—longitudznally.
Connective—of the same length as the anther-lobes, filiform, _less than half the thickness of the filament.
PoLLEN—white.
GYNCCIUM,
OVARY—papillose ; the papillae subsequently mature with progress of the pericarp of the fruit into sharp-pointed short prickles. Doubt- less most of the papillee are abortive. The ovary is superior, 2-celled, or imperfectly 4-celled ; seated on a yellowish Disk, 1-12 inch broad, and burying as much of the ovary in its substance.
OvULES—numerous, on prominent peltate white placentas.
PLACENTATION—axile.
StyLe—linear, over six inches in length; at times half an inch longer than the stamens, at times half an inch shorter.
Sticma—shortly two-lobed, often conical, mostly capitate ; 4 inch long, at times 3 inch.
_ FRUIT—A capsule sub-globose, 4-celled, 4-valved, nodding on a curved peduncle ; supported at base on the reflected accrescent calyx. The pericarp is fleshy, green, covered with numerous scattered short
22 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.
straight sharp conoid prickles, the base of the cone resting on the pericarp.
5 DenisceNcE—irregular (Trimen). Clarke describes it thus :— * Capsule sub-indehiscent, or irregularly dehiscent near the apex.”’
SEEDS—very numerous, somewhat compressed, sub-reniform, close-packed’; pale-brown when the fruit is mature and dry ; albuminous. Trimen says that the seeds are “nearly smooth.’ The general testimony, however, is that the outer coat or the cuticle of the seed-is ‘‘rugose.” It isso, not only when the seed is examined old and dry, but also when it is fresh, There is an excellent figure in Guy and Ferrier’s Med. Jurisprudence (page 534, 5th Hd., 1881), of the rough honey-combed cuticle of the dry seed of D. stramonium, a congener of the plant I am describing, the seed of which latter is not far different from that of D. fastuosa. A detailed description of the seed will be given further, where the Hmeryo is also described in detail. It is enough to say here that the embryo is curved round the central endosperm, that is to say the embryo is peripheric. In this the seed of D. fastuosa resembles in structure the seed of D. stramonium.
GENERAL REMARKS.
The description given above is mostly based on that of Dr. Trimen’s as published in Part III of his elaborate and exhaustive Flora of Ceylon, a work, which it is much to be regretted, he did not live to complete. The first part of his Flora of Ceylon was published in 1893, The second part appeared in 1894, and the third in 1895. The climate of Ceylon, where Dr. Trimen worked zealously from 1879 as the Director of the beautiful Gardens of Peradeniya, proved fatal to him. He died on the 16th October 1896 to the regret of the entire botanical world, without finishing his Flora of Ceylon. It was left to the venerable veteran botanist Sir Joseph Hooker to bring out the fourth and fifth parts of the work undertaken by Dr. Trimen. Dr. Trimen’s Ceylon Flora must be considered an elaborate supplement to Sir Joseph Hooker’s Standard Flora of British India, The latter is the conjoint work of several distinguished botanists, whereas the former is the work of a single hand, the product of the patient researches of a man possessed of a wide and marvellous capacity for original botanical
work,
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 23
THE Synonyms of Datura fastuosa are numerous. I wish to devote a few lines to consider them with a view to show how the nomencla- ture of the Indian species of the Genus Datura has been determined by various European, American, and Indian botanists of note. It seems al] the more necessary to do so, as it will be seen from Clarke’s description of the N. O. Solanaceze (Hcoker’s Fl. Br. India, Vol. IV), that under Genus Datura, (pp. 242, 243), there are queries and doubtful varieties referred to, which are somewhat perplexing. It would be useful, therefore, to study page 720 of Fasciculus I of Sir Joseph Hooker’s Index Kewensis (1893), where we find the following synonyms for Datura fastuosa, Linn. :-—
1, D, Mgyptica, Vesl. &. | 8. D. levis, Schkuhr.
2. D.alba, Nees. 9. D. Metel, Mill.
3. OD. Bojeri, Delile. 16, D. muricata, Link,
4, D, dubia, Rich. 11. D. Nilhummatu, Dun,
5. D. humilis, Desf. 12. D.stramonium, Thunb.
6. D. hummatu, Bernh. 13, D. Wagmanni, Steud. Nom. 7, D. inoxia, Mill. Ed, IT; I. 484,
The following are the synonyms of Datura Metel, Linn., as given in Hooker’s Index Kewensis :—
1, D. fruticosa, Hornem, &c. 3, D. timoriensis, Zipp. 2. D.guayaquilensis, H, K.& B.
Under this head I may mention the synonyms of Datura Meteloides, D, C. ex. Dun., especially as Emeritus Professor Marshall Woodrow of Poona College of Science mentions D. Meteloides in his work on Gardening in India (p. 401, 3rd Ed. 1899, Bombay). They are as follows :—
i. D.Metel, Moc, and Sesse, ex Dun. D, 9. Prod. xiii. 1, 2. D. Wrightii.
The following are the synonyms of Datura stramonium, Linn., as
given in Hooker’s Index Kewensis :— 1, D, Capensis, Bernh. 2. D. ferox, Nees. D, pseudo-stramonium, Sieb, 3. D. loricata, Sieb. D. tatula, Linn, 4, D, lurida, Salisd, 8, D. Wallichii, Dun., D. C.
Dr. Norman Chevers in his Medical Jurisprudence for India mentions a species of Datura under the name of D, ferox, on the authority of Dr. W. Palmer, as found in India. In Hooker’s Index Kewensis, D. ferox is referred to China only. In Johnson’s Gardener’s
D. parviflora, Salisb.
SEO TEN
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Dictionary also D. ferox is mentioned as a China plant, bearing white flowers. In Hooker’s Index Kewensis the following synonyms are given for D, ferox :—
1, D, Bertolinii, Parl, &e,
2. D. levis, Birtol, Fl.:Ltal &e.
To sum up, although Clarke in Hooker’s F]. Br. India describes D. fastuosa and D, Metel as separate species as originally named by Linneus, Dr. Trimen says that the two species are scarcely sevarable (Flor. Ceylon, p. 238-239, Pt. ILI, 1895). Fltickiger and Hanbury hold the same view. They say that D. alba, Nees, appears to be scarcely distinct from D. fastuosa, Linn. PD, alba and D. stramonium according to these writers are different, as they say “the seeds of D. alba are very different-in appearance trom those of D. stramonium being of a light yellowish-brown, rather larger size, irregular in shape and somewhat shrivelled.” (Pharmacographia, p. 462, 2nd Ed., 1879).
The Datura plant is mentioned in Amarkosh, one of the oldest Sanskrit Dictionaries extant. Its author’s name is Amarsinha. Horace H. Wilson, a celebrated Sanskrit scholar, in the preface to the first edition of his Sanskrit-Hnglish Dictionary (1819), has it that Amarsinha flourished in the fifth century A. D.; the same view is held by another eminent Sanskrit scholar, Professor Monier Williams of Oxford. He says that the Amarkosha of Buddha Amarsinha belongs to a period not later than A. D.500. (See “ Indian Wisdom,” Monier Williams, p. 171, Lond., 1875). Thus it will be seen that the Datura plant has been known in India for several centuries. There are many synonyms in Amarkosh for Datura. We are chiefly concerned with two of them. They are as follows :—
1. 3-4a=(UOnmatta). This Sanskrit word is changed by European writers into Hummatu through the Tamil word Umattaz. The same Sanskrit word is adopted by some European writers as Vil-hummatu through the Telugu word Na@lla-ummitte, or Nalla-umetta.
9. HIte—(Mdaiula). Vhis Sanskrit word is changed by some European writers into Metel. I may here mention that the term Metelordes, which is used by some European writers, seems to be derived from the Sanskrit word AlMd%y—=(Matulunga). It must be noted here that the three Sanskrit words mentioned above indicate the white- flowered plant. For in Raja Nighant and in Bhay-Prakash there is
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 25
the term ®S14q%—(Krishna-Dhattura)—Black Datura. It bears purple or violet flowers, single or double. Note, however, that the purple or violet colour is seen here and there on stems, nodes, and petioles, and on the outside only, of the single and double-flowered corollas. The inside of the corolla-tube is pure white, or cream-coloured. There is no Datura flower which is absolutely as black as charcsal.
I find in Roxburgh’s Flora Indica {p. 188, Oarey’s Calcutta Ed.), that Ramphius gives D. rubra as a synonym of D. fastuosa of Willdenow. Moreover I find in Dr. Norman Chevers’ Med, Juris- prudence (p. 179, Calcutta Hd., 1870) that the purple species named in Sanskrit as Krishna-Dhattura is known in Bengal as kald@,1.e., black Datura, or as l4l, i.e., red Datura. In Western India, especially in the Konkan from where I am writing this paper, the k@/@ Datura means the purple or violet variety. The red variety is unknown here. At least, I have not seen it, in the town and island of Bombay, in Salsette, in the Satara District (Dekkan), nor in the very heart of the Konkan —namely Ratnagiri District. [have been in the Ratnagiri District since 15th May 1898, examining the local flora. I have found no red- flowered variety of Datura.
The third variety of Datura mentioned in old Sanskrit works such as Raja-Nighanta, Bhayva-Prakasha and others is named Taye (Raja Dhattéira)—the Royal Datura, Probably this included the double- flowered varieties in the olden days when the Sanskrit writers saw the plants actually growing before them. Under the common head TIATAT (Raja Dhattira) are included Datura plants which bear white, bluish, purple or violet, yellow, or red flowers. I give the Sanskrit terms seriatim indicative of these colours, as follows :—
1. faq (Sita)—White, single and double-flowered,
2. #16 (Nila)—Blue or dark blue. Note that this Sanskrit word signifies blue or dark-blue inrelation to animals, plants, clouds, minerals, etc. From this appellation the Telugu name Nallé-Ummité appears to be derived ; and thence the name Nilhummatu of those European writers who studied the plant on the Malabar Coast where Telugu is spoken. _ This is probably the same as the following variety :—
3. FT (Krishna)—Purple or violet-flowered variety. This is the pame, I think, as Krishna-Dkattura—Datura fastuosa mentioned above, or perhaps, the double-flowered variety of it.
4
26 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.
4, ajq (Pita)—Yellow-flowered variety, single or double-flowered, or both. Both these varieties are found in India, I had them once in my garden in Thana. ‘The single-flowered yellow varieties as named by European and American botanists and horticulturists are as follows :—
D. humilis (pale yellow) ; D. chlorantha and D. lutea (yellow).
5. oifgq (Lohita)—Red-coloured variety known in Bengal, accord- ing to Norman Chevers as a;s (Lal) datura, ¢.e., either of the colour of iron-rust, or that of blood. It may also mean “of the colour of copper.” I have not seen such a variety on this side of India. But Firminger of Calcutta has mentioned a double-flowered and a single- flowered variety also of the red or scarlet-flowered Datura named D. sanguinea (see p.531, Manual of Gardening, 4th Hd., Calcutta, 1890). Firminger says that the flowers of this variety are of a deep red colour. The plant “thrives wellin Ootacamund,” he adds. Nay, he says, this, that he obtained from Ootacamund plants of this deep-red-coloured variety of Datura for both the Calcutta Botanical Government Gardens and for his own private garden. But, says he, the plants soon perished seemingly unsuited to the climate of Calcutta. Note that the Caleutta Botanical Government Gardens, which I visited not long ago, are on alluvial soil on the banks of the Hooghly River in low-land regions ; whereas the plants bearing blood-red flowers were taken by Firminger for growth in Calcutta from the high-land plateau of Ootacamund, which is 6,000ft. above sea-level. Ido not know whether this red- flowered variety oxists in the beautiful gardens of Bangalore. Dr. Cameron’s elaborate catalogue of the plants growing or nursed in those gardens is just now not with me, or else I might have heen able to say something more with regard to the prevalence of the red-flowered variety in Southern India. Practically the red-flowered variety is extinct in Western India. If it could not live in the lowlands of Bengal, it cannot possibly live, or if at any time it lived in the low- lands of the Konkan, it could not survive. In this connection I must add that in Roxburgh’s Fl. Indica (op. ezt, p. 188), D. rubra (Rumph) ig mentioned as a synonym of D. fastuosa (Zinn). I gather from Hooker’s Index Kewensis (Fasc. I, p. 720) that in America, among the Columbian plants, there is the single-flowered D. coccinea and the single-flowered D. sanguinea of Peru. Then again, among the
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 27
double-flowered plants, there is the D. fastuosa—rubra of South America. The following note on D. sanguinea (Ruiz. et. Pav.) by M. Berthold Seeman, Naturalist, H. M.’s Herald, may perhaps interest my readers as an illustration of popular faith in the plant—a mere superstition—among the American Indians of Darien and of Choco, These superstitious people of tropical America prepare from the seeds of the plant a decoction, which is given to children to produce a state of excitement in which they are supposed to possess the power of discovering gold. In any place where the un- happy children happen to fall down, digging is commenced ; and as the soil nearly everywhere abounds with gold-dust, an amount of more or less value is obtained (p. 170, Vol. XI., Pharm. Journal 1852), This passage I find particularly worth quoting, as in India the administra- tion of datura seeds to unsuspecting victims is not for collecting gold likely to be found in Indian soil-dust, but for searching the pockets of travellers and shop-keepers and depriving them of the gold and silver that may be with or about them, after they are well stupified with Datura seeds administered in various articles of food and drink. This will be amply evident in my remarks to follow under the head of “ Poisonous Properties. ”’
I wish to dwell for a moment in naming the DoUBLE-FLOWERED varieties of the genus Datura, as in my experience I have found them of great garden-beauty, having grown them in my garden, in Thana and Ratnagiri. The double-flowered varieties have been named (by writers well worthy of recognition) as follows :—
I, (a) Datura cornigera florepleno,
WHITE (6) Datura Knightii.
II, Purrie, Datura fastuosa—florepleno,
III, Yettow, Datura chlorantha-florepleno,
IV. PurpLe-Wuits, Datura fastuosa—rubra (S, America),
Synonym—D,. Wagmanii (Hooker’s Ind. Kew.).
It must be noted here that in the double-flowers of Datura of all colours the anther-bearing stamens are changed into petals or perianth either antherless, or bearing anther-lobes more or less modified, on the extreme margin of the inner corolla-tube. “ Indeed,” says Kerner, “there are grounds for believing that all petals are originally modified from stamens.” Be it noted here that double-flowers remain on the plant on which they grow, two or three days longer than the single-flowers,
28 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.
I now proceed to say a few words about the Scent of the flowers. Opinions on this point vary ; there is the old saying :—“ Quot homines, tot sentent?ee—as many men, so many opinions. This is the same as saying in the gustatory line, de gustébus non disputandum.” Lindley says that the flowers of Datura are sweet-scented, especially at night. Note that the flowers of Datura of all kinds open about sunset, or just after, and close about or soon after sunrise. Bishop Hebr’s lines are well worth quoting here :—
“The broad Datura bears her breast Of fragrant scent, a virgin white, A pearl amidst the realms of night.”
These lines are somewhat differently worded in Rev. Mr. Nairne’s “ Flowering Plants of Western India” (p. 209, 1894), but the fragrance of the flowers is referred to. Mr. Donald McDonald says the Datura shrubs produce amidst a mass of elegant foliage large and fragrant trumpet-shaped flowers. ‘‘ Those flowers that are lasting may be taken under glass to impart a delicate yet powerful scent throughout the green-house.”*
As regards the odour of the leaves of Datura the general testimony is that they are rank, smoky. The odour is characteristically offensive ; herbivorous animals shrink from it, says Kerner. Lauder Brunton says that the leaves have a heavy odour, which is strongest while they are drying, and of a mawkish faintly bitter nauseous taste. Over four hundred years ago John Gerarde, of London, made the following remarks on the Thorn-apple plant in an elaborate and wonderfully accurate work entitled ‘The Herball’ :—‘“ The flowers are of strong ponticke savour offending the head when smelled unto. * * * The herbe itselfe is of astrong savour and doth stuffe the head and causeth drowsinesse.” (P. 347). In Sowerby’s later work first published about the middle of the nineteenth century, and entitled “ British Poisonous Plants,” it is said that the leaves of D. stramonium have a slightly foetid odour, but the flowers are sweet- scented though producing stuper if their exhalations are breathed for any length of time. (P. 29, 2nd Hd., 1861, London). “The whole plant smells of bean meal.” (P. 134, Loudon’s Eneyclopcedia of Plants, 1829, London). The flowers, says Loudon, have an agreeable odour
* See p. 37, 1895, “ Sweet-Scented Flowers,”
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 29
first, but if smelt long they become less agreeable, and are narcotic. Whether the odour of this flower or that of the several species or varieties of the Datura genus be considered sweet or otherwise, frag- rant or offensive, depends entirely on individual capacity to appreciate the differences or even the degrees of scents. Mr. J. Ch. Sawer, F.L.S., very wisely remarks, that ‘‘ odours are differently appreciated by ditferent people, and what pleases one person may have a reverse effect on another ; thus the strong odour of Tagetes patula (French marigold) and Tagetes erecta is not unpleasant to some, while others consider it very objectionable.’ (Odorographia ; Introduction, p. xvi, 1892, London.) The same remark may be applied to the Datura plants.
Apart from the fact that the Datnra plants are rank weeds, grow- ing amidst hedges, fields and dunghills, where no human hand has sown them, often prevailing where they are not wanted, it is unques- tionable, that the Thorn-apple is artistically speaking, a plant of great beauty, and quite a garden-ornament. Dr. Christison of Edinburgh remarks in his work on Poisons (1845), that the Thorn-apple in his day had become quite an ornament of Hdinburgh Gardens, Firmin- ger of Calcutta, on the other hand, is quite of a different opinion, although he is an able writer on Gardening. He would destroy the Thorn-apple plants after their flowers cease to bloom. Jor, he says, ‘‘ they take up much room and look unsightly.” Evidently Firminger has not the artistic eye or talent of Ruskin, or even of Kerner, The latter observes, that in the Datura plant the various forms, and the distribution of the green leaves, young and old, on the surface of the stem is very characteristic. Their position and form aftord much room for observation. The unequal size of adjoining leaves on the same branch or stem is quite an artistic phenomenon. Looking down upon a horizontally projecting branch of the Datura plant, the larger and smaller leaves will be found arranged in quite a peculiar and striking manner. The smaller leaves are seen in the gaps between the larger ones. This mosaic-like fitting-together of larger and smaller leaves appears to be combined with the want of symmetry of the leaf-base most marked in the old long-stalked leaf.* It requires an artistic eye to appreciate these observations. It is not always that
* See Kerner’s Nat, Hist, of Plants, Oliver’s English Version, Vol. I, p, 422, 1894.
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a gardener’s eye is artistic. It appears from Loudon (op. cit), that the Stramonium plant was known to the Greeks as the mad- apple. It is not mentioned by Professor Daubeny in his Oxford Lectures on the Trees and Shrubs of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES.
All the species or their varieties hitherto known of the Datura genus are decidedly poisonous. ‘he purple or violet-coloured variety is more deadly. All writers, Huropean, American, or old Indian, are agreed that every part of the plant is deleterious to human life, The seeds are the most poisonous of all parts of the plant, wherever it grows, A detailed description of the seed, therefore, may not be out of place here. I give it on the authority of Dr. William Palmer (Norman Chevers’ Med, Jurisprudence for India, pp. 184—185, Cal- cutta Ed., 1870). It runs thus:—The seed is almost kidney-shaped ; its outline, angular ; its size is rather more than a quarter of an inch long, and rather less in width ; its colour greenish-brown when fresh, changing to yellow, I may add deep brown, when dry; it is attached to the placenta by a large white fleshy mass, which separates easily, leaving a deep furrow along half the length of the concave border of the seed; the outer surface of the seed is scabrous, almost reti- culate, except on the two compressed sides, where it has become almost glaucous from pressure of the neighbouring seeds; the convex border of the seed is thick and bulged, with a longitudinal depres- sion between the bulgings caused ky the compression of the two sides. When the seed is divided into two, by cutting with a knife placed in the furrow on the convex border, the testa is seen irregular and angular in outline, and the embryo is curved and twisted ina fleshy albumen.
The active principle of the plant is an alkaloid once known as Daturine. The seed contains it in larger proportions than any other part of the plant weight for weight. The alkaloid was also known at one time as Daturia. Sohn says that commercial Daturine is frequently a mixture of Hyoscyamine and Atropine or the for- mer solely. Datura stramonium, he says, also contains Stra- monine which is an alkaloid like Hyoscyamine and Atropine, but it is not bitter. Hyoscyamine hasa sharp and disagreeable odour ;
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 31
Atropine has a disagreeable metallic taste.* Erhardt and Poehl dis- pute the identity of Atropine and Daturine, says Sohn. Professor Dra- gendorff says+ that “according to the more recent researches of Laden- burg, henbane contains two alkaloids, one of which Hyoscyamine, is isomeric with Atropine, and identical with Daturine and Duboisine.” Ladenburg distinguishes Hyoscyamine from Atropine by the melting- points of the alkaloids, and their gold-salts, Professor Schmiedeberg of the University of Strassburg sayst that Atropine occurs in Daturine of the Thorn-apple ; Hyoscyamine, which is isomeric with Atropine is also said to be contained in the Thorn apple. But he doubts the identity of Duboisine with Hyoscyamine.4 Dymock and his collaborateurs who have carefully examined the plant, say that Prof. EH. Schmidt and Mr. Schute have found, as the result of their researches, that the seeds of D. stramonium contain much Hyoscyamine, with smal] quan- tities of Atropine and Hyoscine (Apoth. Zig., 1890, 511). Stramonine is not mentioned along with these. But in Dymock’s Ph. Indica it is stated that M. Gérard has prepared a new fat acid, Daturic acid, from the seeds, which yield 25 per cent. oil when extracted by ether. Puri- fied with petroleum, this oil is of a peculiar greenish-yellow colour. M. Gérard places Daturic acid between Palmitic and Stearic -acids, They have analogous properties. Daturic acid crystallizes by cold from 85 per cent. alcohol giving groups of fine needles, It is fairly soluble in cold alcohol and very soluble in ether and benzene. I have po comments to offer on the quotations I have given above from celebrated pharmacological investigators; but I have yet to place before my readers the most recent opinions expressed by Dr. Murrelllj as regards the nature of the active principles found in the different species of the datura plant and some of its congeners such as Bella- donna, Hyoscyamus and Duboisia myoporoides. Dr. Murrell says that according to the old classification the active principles were as follows :— 1. Belladonna contained Atropine.
2. Hyoscyamus—Hyosciamine and Hyoscine. 3. Stramonium—Daturine.
* See p. 14, Sohn’s Dictionary of the Active Principles of Plants, 1894, London,
{ Plant Analysis—English Translation by Greenish, p. 60, 1884, London.
{ Elements of Pharmacology, Dixon’s English Translation, Edinburgh, 1887,
¢ Pharmacographia Indica, p. 588, Vol. II., 1891, Bombay, by Dymock, Warden, ‘and Hooper. ;
| A Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Pages 430—452, London, 1896,
32 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.
“Ladenburg,” adds Dr. Murrell, “has re-investigated the matter and says there are only three natural mydriatic alkaloids,* They are as follows :~=
1. <Atropine—which occurs in Atropa belladonna, and in Datura stramo- nium, (I may add in the Indian Datura, varieties and species of all Datura plants, #&.R.K.)
2. Hyoseyamine—which occurs in Belladonna, Datura, Hyoscyamus, and Duboisia myoporoides.
3. Hyoscine—which occurs in Hyoscyamus.
Duboisine is identical with Hyoscyamine; and Daturine is a mixture of Atropine and Hyoscyamine,
N.B—I am all at sea here,for Sohn, whom I have quoted above, says that the Datura stramonium contains Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Hyoscine, and Stramonine. The reader may accept the views of any of the pharmaco- logists I have cited above.
The term ‘“ Atropa,” says Murrell, “ is derived from Atropos (Gr.), one of the evil destinies, whose mission in life was to destroy life, and it is supposed to be indicative of the fate of those who came under its influence.” These “evil destinies’”-—so named by Dr. Murrell—were known as the Parce or the Fates among the ancient Romans. They were three :—(1) Clotho, or the spinning Fate ; (2) Lachesis, or the Fate assigning to man his fate ; (3) Atropes, or the Fate that cannot be avoiled. (See Dr. William Smith’s Classical Dictionary, p. 455, London, 1868). Reader mine, pray pardon this classical intrusion! It is at times refreshing to fly to old classical literature, in considering the hard facts of this our scientific age.
Dr. Murrell says that Atropine, Hoscyamine and Hyoscine are isomeric, each answerable to the formula O 47 H °°? NO3. They can all three be resolved thus :—
1, Atropine yields tropic acid and tropine (base) ;
2. Hyoscyamine yields the same, 7.¢., tropic acid, and tropine (base) ;
3. Hyoscine yields tropic acid, and pseudo-tropine.
Note here, that, in chemical parlance, Atropine is a compound of a base called Tropine, and Tropic acid, Ladenburg calls the compound Tropeine,
I pass on now to consider the action of the alkaloids hitherto recognized in the Datura plants-and its congeners Atropa belladonna, Hyoscyamus niger and Dubosia myoporoides.
* N.B.—Dr. Murrell does not give the date of the re-investigation made by Ladenburg, whose name has been mentioned in my quotations in the foregoing remarks—K.A.K.
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, 3a
I, Arroprne.—The medicinal dose prescribed in the British
Pharmacopeeia is 5), to ;}5 grain. It is in comparison with this dose that the following remarks must be supposed to be made. (1). General action on man.—A full dose (B. P.) produces great dryness of the tongue and roof of the mouth, extending down to the pharynx and larynx, giving rise to frequency and difficulty in swallowing, and exciting a hard, dry cough. The face becomes flushed, the eyes are bright and injected, the pupils are dilated, the sight is dim and hazy, whilst the power of accommodation for distant objects is lost. There is mental disturbance often amounting to decided delirium, the delusions, as a rule, being of a pleasant nature. The patient is extremely restless, and cannot be kept quiet. The skin is dry and a rash appears closely resembling that of scarlet fever. (Murrell.)
(2). General action on the lower aniémals.—Pigeons and rabbits are, according to Murrell, almost insusceptible to the action of Atropine ; so are horses and donkeys, “As a rule,” says Murrell, “ vegetable feeders do not respond readily to its action, the most pronounced effect being observed in the class of flesh-eating animals.”
(3). Acteon on the Heart and Circulatory System.—In most animals there is an increase in the frequency of the pulse. “ The first effect in man,” says Murrell, “‘is to increase the frequency, fulness, and force of the pulse to the extent of fifty to sixty beats in the minute.” Atropine paraiyses the pneumogastric nerve. This may be due to an action on the trunk of the Pneumogastric nerve (otherwise briefly ealled Vagus), or on its peripheral terminations, or on the intra-cardiac branches which terminate in the intra-cardiac ganglia, Lauder Brunton puts it briefly that Atropine paralyses the efferent Vagus- ends in the cardiac ganglia. Moreover, says Murrell, ‘ Atropine stimulates the vaso-motor centre, and so contracts the blood-vessels, and heightens the arterial pressure.”
(4). Action on the Respiratory System.—A large dose of Atropine accelerates respiration. This is due to the stimulation of the respiratory centre powerfully. In consequence, the chest-movements become deeper and more frequent. This effect is independent of blood- pressure. (Murrell), A large dose of belladonna, says Dr. Ringer, will sometimes induce dryness of the Schneiderian membrane, which
~
2
3B4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.
though nasal, forms a part of the respiratory, and not of the olfactory tract of the nose.
(5). Action on the Nervous System—The delirium following Atropine-poisoning shows that Atropine acts on the cerebral cortex. Hence the symptoms noted above and others not noted,—vzz :— ‘ oxhilaration of the mental functions, giddivess, restlessness, and automatic chorea-like movements. There is usually loud, disconnected talking delirium and raving. The delusions are ofa pleasing nature, and weeping or lamentation is rare.” (Murrell). With regard to the kind of delirium, Lauder Brunton says, that it is characterized by being very active and busy; the patient always wants to be doing something, At the same time, says Lauder Brunton, “this very business is accompanied by a great deal of languor and disinclination to move, because the peripheral ends of the nerves are weakened, and so there is difficulty in the way of the excited centres causing any movements in the muscles. It is only in very large doses that Atropine will paralyse the motor nerves completely, or at least the motor nerves going to the voluntary muscles.”
(6), Action on the Muscles.—Read with the foregoing views of Lauder Brunton quoted above, that Murrell observes thus :—‘* The voluntary muscles are not affected.” “The unsteady gait,” says Murrell, “‘ often noticed in man, is due to an action on the (spinal cord or on the motor nerves, and not on the muscles.” Murrell further observes that Atropine increases the contractile power of involuntary muscular fibre, (such for instance as is found in the heart and in the intestines of man—K.R.K.). “ But,” says Murrell, “it has been maintained that the increase in the persistaltic movements of the intes- tines is due to depression of the inhibitory branches of the splanchnics.”
(7). Action on the Glandular System.—As noted above, “ one of the earliest and most notable effects of Atropine is dryness of the mouth, from suppression of the secretions of the mucous and_ salivary glands.” (Murrell.) This, says Lauder Brunton, is due to the para- lysis of the salivary nerves. Apropos of this, Murrell makes the following remarks :—“ According to Heidenhain’s hypothesis with regard to the salivary glands, there are two kinds of secretory fibres, one, the secretory, the other, trophic, causing an increase in solubility in the stored-up gland-substance. On the assumption of the different
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 35
kinds of secretory fibres there is ground for supposing there is a third variety—anadolie jibres—causing the formation of fresh substance by the cells. After an injection of sulphate of Atropine there is no increase either in the percentage of salts in the sympathetic saliva produced by stimulation of the chorda tympani, as there would be it the trophic fibres of the chorda escaped paralysis. It would seem that atropine paralyses the trophic as well as the secretory fibres of the chorda tympani.* Atropiae checks the sweat secretion, says Murrell, by paralysing the efferent sweat-fibres which accompany the vaso-motor fibres. Lauder Brunton corroborates these remarks, for he says, insmall doses Atropine will paralyse the efferent nerves which end either in voluntary muscular fibres, in glands or in ganglia. Atropine paralyses the lacteal nerve-terminations in the manimary gland of the human female. The secretion of milk is consequently arrested. Atropine similarly arrests secretion of the pancreas. The action of the liver is also affected. The quantity of bile is lessened. Murrell says that the effect on the urinary system is somewhat doubtful.
(8). The Rash on the Human Skin.—Dr. John Harley affirms that generally it is nothing more than of a mere temporary kind; ‘‘ but in rare cases, and in persons who are liable to vascular irritation of the skin the redness remains, and its disappearance is attended by slight roughness and desquamation.”” He mentions two cases, in one of which “ the pationt was scarlet from head toe foot,’ and another in which after the fourth dose, there was a scarlatinous tint of the skin.” Dr. Gillespie has met with a case in which after injection of a small quantity of extract of belladonna into the urethra of a patient, the patient became “as red asa lobster” in less than five minutes (Murrell).+ Lauder Brunton also notes that a red rash appears on the skin like that of scarlatina,t Schmiedeberg says, ‘‘ the redness of the skin resembling scarlet fever so often observed, especially in the upper part of the body, and the similar colour with turgescence of the features, are probably connected with increase of the frequency of the pulse, with the increase of blood pressure caused thereby, and with the simultaneous dilatation of the vessels of the skin.” §
* Murrell, op. cit., p, 437. Tt Murrell, op. cit,, p. 438, { Text Book of Pharmacology, p. 904, 2nd Ed., 1885, London, Englich Translation, pp. 53°54 (Edinburgh, 1887), by Dixon cf Sydney University,N,S.W,
36 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.
I have said above that Atropine checks perspiration and causes dry- ness of skin. But in one case of poisoning, says Schmiedeberg, “ the burning hot skin was here and there covered with perspiration (Gerson). The perspiratioa that comes in this manner has the same origin as that in the death-agony.’’ Such sweats, cold and clammy, are the precursors of death. In contrast with this case, it may be noted that Lauder Brunton says that the temperature of the human body is increased by small doses of Atropine and lessened by large ones.
(9). Action on the Hye.—-When Atropine is applied topically to only one eye, it dilates the pupil of that eye alone, and not of the other eye. When Atropine acts indirectly,?.e., through the circulation of blood, both the eyes have dilated pupils ; the eye becomes bright, dry, and injected both by topical application and through circulation. ‘ The power of accommodation is lost, and after large doses intraocular accommodation is lost, When Atropine is applied locally so as to affect the pupil of one eye only, the large amount of light entering through the dilated pupil produces contraction of the pupil of the other eye.” (Murrell.) The pupil is normally under the control of two antagonistic mechanisms :— (a) The contracténg mechanism, reflex in nature, ef which the Third Nerve acts as an eferent, and the Optic Nerve as the afferent tract. () The dilating mechanism, tonic in nature, of which the cervical sympathetic nerve is the efferent channel. Murrell says that when the Third Nerve or the Optic Nerve is cut, the pupil dilates from the action of the Sympathetic. When the Sympathetic is cut, the tonic dilating influence ceases, and the pupil contracts. On stimulating the Third Nerve, or the Optic Nerve, the pupil contracts. On stimulating the Sympathetic, the pupil diletes. The dilatation of the pupil produced by the local application of Atropine might, at first sight, be attributed to paralysis of the Third Nerve. This view is untenable, says Murrell, for when the Third Verve is cut and the pupil dilates under the in- fluence of the Sympathetic nerve fibres, the application of Atropine, still further, dilates the pupil. From this it follows that Atropine says Murrell, exerts an action on some local mechanism. This mecha- nism, says Murrell, is probably situated in the Zris, or in the Choroid, where ganglionic cells are abundant. The paralysis of accommoda- tion is due to the paralyzing action of Atropine on the Oculo-motor
ti POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 37
Nerve-terminal-ends. Note that Ringer observes thus :— “ A large dose of Atropine will sometimes induce dryness of the Schneiderian membrane. This does not necessarily mean loss of the sense of smell.” It mus be observed here, that the foregoing observations are mainly intended for such of my readers as have a fair knowledge of Human Anatomy and Physiology.
Murrell observes that of all the tropine alkaloids, Atropine is the slowest in inducing its effect on the eye, but it lasts a long time, even many days. Homatropine induces its eftects rapidly, but they dis- appear ina few hours. Hyoscyamine, in this respect, occupies an intermediate position.
This leads us on to consider the special actions of Hyoscyamine, which is one of the alkaloids found in Datura plants.
II. Hyoscyamine or Hyoscyamia is found in several Datura plants. Murrell says ‘it is csmomerée with Atropine and Hyoscine. It is identical with Duboisine, avd mixed with Atropine constitutes what is known as Daturine. It may he split into tropine and tropic acid.” When pure it is in snow-white minute crystals, soluble both in spirit und water. A substance is sold under the name of Amorphous hyoscya- mine, which is a mixture of Hyoscyamine and Hyoscine. It is a dark brown substance looking like an extract, and has a strong disagrceable odour.
The following observations are curtailed from Murrell, as regards tle active principle Hyvscyamine. Hyoscyamine dilates the pupils (but moderately, A. 2. K.); dries the mouth, and arrests secretions ; flushes the face and produces arash on the skin. It gives rise to a drunken gait, and excites delirium and hallucinatious, but more frequently acts as a narcotic, inducing comatose sleep—the very sleep of death. Asa rule, says Murrell, the raging delirium is not present, but there is a desire for rest and sleep, probably due to the Hyoscine it contains. As noted above, itis a less powerful mydriatic than atropine—midway between atropine and homatropine. Schmiedeberg quotes the following remark from V. Schroit :—‘ Hyoscyamine acts on the brain somewhat differently from Atropine. In men, after the administration of the Amorphous modification, the raging delirium is as a rule not present, but even after small doses a hankering after rest and sleep predominates,”
38 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.
III. Hyosetne.—tThis is the second alkaloid found in Hyoseyamus. It isalso found in Datura. It is a syrupy liquid alkaloid. It is largely found in the substance spoken of abcve as amorphous hyoscyamine. In man Hyoscine produces dryness of the mouth, flushing of the face, and deep sleep, associated with semi-delirious muttering and giddiness. Mydriasis is usually, though not always, pronounced, ‘The respiration is slow and full, and is sometimes of the character known as “‘ Cheyne-Stokes.”’ The skin, so far from being abnormally dry, is often bathed in perspiration. It is asserted that there is a rise in temperature. There is sometimes paralysis of the pharynx, and of the museles of the larynx. The mydriatic effect is associated with paralysis of accommodation and the maximum effect is produced in a third of the time required by atropine. Its influence in producing sleep is very marked. Nausea, constipation, and other disturbances of the stomach and alimentary canal are rarely witnessed. These remarks are based by Murrell on the authority of H. ©. Wood of Philadelphia.
Just a word about Duboisine referred to in my foregoing obser- vations. It isan alkaloid contained in Duboisia myaporoides, a tall shrub growing plentifully in the forest lands of Hastorn Australia. It contains an alkaloid known as Duboisine identical with Hyoscyamine. The general action of Duboisine, says Murrell, is the same as that of Atropine. The former is so powerful, says Ringer,* that a 1 in 120 solution specially applied to the eyes often excites great giddiness, weakness, and a drusken gait.
IV. Daturine—Lauder Brunton says that this alkaloid is a mixture of atropine and hyoscyamine.t He does not mention Hyoscine as a component of the Daturine—an “impure alkaloid” as he calls it. Fifteen years ago, Hyoscine was not determined. Ringer does not mention it in his Therapeutical work just referred to. Murrell even does not mention Hyoscine as a component of Daturine. In speaking of Daturine he only says “‘it is nota simple body,” but a mixture of Atropine and Hyoscyamine. ‘ The physiological action of Datura is identical with that of Belladonna, whilst Daturine has the same
* A Hand Book of Therapeutics, p. 5389, 8th Ed., London, 1880. + A Text Book of Pharmacology, Therapeutics, &c., p, 909, 2nd Ed., London, 1885,
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, 39
action as Atropine, says Murrell. The symptoms cf poisoning by Stramonium differ in no respect from those of poisoning by Belladonna. “The same accelerated pulse, the same elevation of temperature, the same wild delirium, the same increased frequency of respiration, the same widely dilated pupils, the same red efflorescence on the skin, the same restlessness or convulsions occur in both cases, and when the dose has been sufficiently large, end alike in abolition of the functions of circulation, respiration and innervation—stupor, general paralysis, weak rapid thready pulse, threatened asphyxia constituting the phenomena of the closing scene in poisoning from either narcotic (H. C. Wood). Having so far, and so freely dwelt on the pharmacological offects of the alkaloids found in Datura, it is time I considered the clinical evidence to he gathered from works on Medical Jurisprudence, chief among which stands the work of Norman Chevers. It is not my intention to dwell on the nefarious deeds of the infamous Dhaturids— who were known, in days gone by, as professional poisoners of travellers and tired wayfarers, poisoned because they were unsuspect- ing. The deeds of such professional poisoners will be best seen in Chevers’ work. I therefore pass on to show instances wherein the above-mentioned physiological effects were confirmed by various clinical observers, in cases of poisoning by Datura. Dr. Morehead of J. J. Hospital, Bombay, so far back as 1860 says, that in cases of Datura poisoning, the symptoms are in many respects allied to those of delirium tremens. The delirium is mcre mut- tering, not so busy as that of delircwm tremens ; but there is the same rambling of the mind on subjects not present to the senses. There is the same power of controlling the thoughts for a few moments, the same desire to appear rational, and above all, the same picking at small objects, as if they were indistinctly seen, which is often observed in the advanced stages of delirium tremens, Where the quantity of the poisonous stuff taken is large, there is coma with agitated movements of the hands and lips, and picking move- ment of the fingers: in fact, the same class of deranged nervous actions which characterize the third stage of delirium tremens. There is, however, this great difference in these latter phenomena when caused by Datura,—they are very generally recovered from, not by a return from coma to a state of health, but the coma ceases,
40 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi, X1V
and then succeeds the delirium, and the other phenomena which attend those slighter cases which have never passed into coma.
Dr. H. Giraud’s papers on cases seen by him at the J. J. Hospital, Bombay, namely one contributed to the Bombay Medical and Physical Society, and another cited in Appendix C of Dr. Norman Chevers’ Ind. Med. Jurisp. (p. 838, 38rd Ed., 1870, Calcutta) are well worth studying. Dr. Lyon quotes in his Medical Jurisprudenes, Bombay, Dr. Giraud’s remarks.
It must not be supposed that it is always that the Datura plant is used for criminal purposes ; even when so used, it is generally not with the intention of causing death, although Norman Chevers cites cases where such was the intention. There ara instances of persons having died from eating the leaves by mistake, while more than one little child has either died or suffered very severely from swallowing its seeds. (Anne Pratt.) When the first settlers arrived in Virginia, says Sowerby, some ate the leaves of Datura and expe- rienced such strange and unpleasant effects therefrom, that the colonists called it the ‘ Devil’s Apple’ a name by which it is still known in the American States. In most cases it has been eaten by children in mistake for some other wild plant. Dr, H. Cleghorn, of the Madras Medical Service, notes a case, (quoted by Norman Chevers),* in which fragments of 3 or 4 Jeaves were found in the stomach of a pcisoned Indian child 2 years old. “The mother of the child was reaping ina raggy field, when it was discovered that her two children were eating the leaves of Datura. A leaf was found convulsively grasped in the hands of one of them. It was the leaves of D. fastuosa that the children had been eating. One of the many species of Thorn- Apple possessing the poisonous properties mentioned above, is said to have been used in ancient days by the Priests of Delphi “to produce those semi-delirious paroxysms which they palmed off on the multitude as the results or manifestations of divine inspiration. The seeds of another species of Datura were similarly employed by ancient Peruvians.” (Sowerby.)
I have at present under my care, in the Ratnagiri Lunatic Asylum, an inmate named Dhondnak Kannak. He admits to have been an inveterate smoker of Datura leaves, and believes he is an “inspired
* Page 194, Ind. Med. Jurisprudence, Hd, 3rd, 1870, Calentta, eh Sie
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 4}
being”. He never smoked the leaves for committing suicide as some persons are known to have eaten them, or the seeds for self- destruction. He has for a long time smoked the leaves to find relief from the asthmatic fits to which even now he is a subject as an inmate of the Ratnagiri Lunatic Asylum. Of course he gets no Datura smoke in the Asylum.
Professor Robert Christison, of Edinburgh University, says that the cases of poisoning from Thorn-Apple which occurred in his country (Scctland) up tothe time he published his work on Poi- sons (1845), were all accidental. There are several such instances of accidental poisoning in other countries. Thus for instance, in America, in 1765, when some of the British troops under Sir John Sinclair were stationed in the vicinity of Elizabeth Town (New Jersey ), three of the soldiers collected some quantity of the Datura plant which they mistook for the safe simple table-green food named Chenopodium album, dressed it, and ate it. ’* One of these soldiers became furious and ran about like a madman; the second was seized with genuine tetanus and died; what happened to the third is not mentioned. Beck on the authority of Orfila, cites a case in which a man after having been poisoned with the Thorn-Apple sur- vived, and was cured of an intense long-standing headache. Even the bruising of the leaves of Datura in a mortar is known to have caused dilatation of the pupil. The application of bruised leaves of Datura on raw abraded human skin is known to have produced dangerous symptoms of poisoning. The empyreumatic oil of Stramonium is said to be poisonous to animals. ( Beck. )
Taylor says that the seeds of fruit scarcely ripe are not very bitter, Children, therefore, eat them taking the fruit for some other fruit, not knowing its poisonous nature. The seeds retain their poisonous properties notwithstanding exposure to heat. Mr. Lobo met with the case of a child aged five who ate more than a drachm of the seeds slightly roasted. Tn about an hour poisonous symptoms appeared. (Taylor on Poisons, p. 784, Ed. 1848 ), Dr. Chevers mentions a case of non-criminal poison- ing fromthe leaves of Datura which is very remarkable. In March 1866,
*This case is recorded by Dr, Barton and mentioned in Beck’s Med. Jurisp., p. 910, 1836, London. I was once very nearly eating the fruit myself when barely five years old with my little brother, aged three years, I took the Thorn-apple for custard apple. K, 2. K,
6
42 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,
somewhere near Midnapore, a whole family consisting of father, mother and children ate the cooked young shoots of Datura as ‘ greens’ by mistake, supposing them to be harmless. The parents died, but the children recovered.* The stomachs of the parents were sent to Calcutta for chemical examination. The analysis was scientifically made. The active principle which caused death was physiologically tested on a puppy. The essence cbtained from the stomach-contents of the deceased parents was injected into the stomach of the puppy. Vomiting set in imniediately afterwards ; very soon after that the puppy performed a few antics and fell over on his side into a deep sleep from which tickling failed to rouse him. He, however, recovered after six hours, but the pupils were exceedingly dilated and they continued more or less so the whole of the next day. Lucky puppy! He did not die !!
Chevers describes another case which is well-worth reproducing. In this case it is a kitten that is experimented on. In the Midnapore District, in September 1866, a sub-inspector of police died while he was in custody. It was reported he had taken opium. His stomach was sent to Calcutta for chemical examination. Noopium-trace was found, but particles were found in the stomach which had the appearance of Datura seeds. A decoction of these particles and the whole stomach was made, and half of it was given toa kitten at noon on 27th September. ‘The little cat soon began to breathe with difficulty, and to froth at the mouth; in ten minutes her pupils were dilated, and they continued to remain so, only to a still greater extent, the rest of the day, never for a moment being contracted, or even less dilated even when exposed to a strong sun-light. After 20 minutes the kitten was placed in the middle of the room, and encouraged to walk but she staggered and fell on attempting to do so. In half-an-hour from the time of administration, she was quite unconscious ; up to this period she had felt pain when pinched with forceps, but now a severe
* Some years ago I had a similar case of poisioning ofa whole family under treatment at the Thins Civil Hospital, It was accidental, and not criminal, A father, mother with a baby in arm, and two othe children were brought to hospital, reeling and staggering, try- ing to catch imaginary objects in air, The infant nursed by the mother did motions of hands as if to brush off something from its face. This shows that before the mother’s milk was arrested the infant was poisoned. They all recovered. I have a photo-group of them, but it is not handy just now. (K. R, K.)
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, 43
pinch only caused a slight movement of the limb, without any expres- sion of pain. The respiration was laboured ; she continued to froth at the mouth, and the pupils remained very widely dilated. Consciousness began to return at two o'clock; she then got up, sat staring wildly and commenced to perform a series of grotesque actions, uttering a slow moan from time to time. When pinched, she felt pain, but not yet very acutely. She appeared very irritable, almost wild, but was neither vicious nor bad-tempered. At 3 p. m., the pupils were dilated extremely, the iris being a mere thread. By 4 p.m., she had recovered so far as to come when called, and to feel acute pain when pinched, the pupils continuing as large as ever,” (P. 190. Chev. op, cil. ). Fortunate kitten! She did not die!! From this experiment, and from a similar one, confined only to the eye of another kitten, it was evident that the sub-inspector of police referred to above had died in the lock-up, not from self-administered opium as was suspected, but from Dztura poisoning. Herein is the triumph of Western learning and scieitifie chemistry and chemical analysis over Hastern ways of crime and misadventure !
The motives for administering Datura seeds or leaves—seeds especially —are various. They do not necessarily meana desire to kill the victim to whom they are administered in various forms,—in drink, in common bread, or sweetmeats.. They are given for instance, says Chevers, to a shopkeeper, to rob him, when intoxicated, of his articles of merchandize ; toa Fakir, to make him yield up the contributions of the jious ; the drug again is given frequently through jealousy to secure revenge ; it is likewise given out of pure fun. Dr. Ralph Moore, says Chevers, was once sent for suddenly to the jail Dr. Moore was in charge of, ( some- where in Bengal ), where he found the entire jail-guard scattered about on the floor, under the influence of Datura, As there was no attempt on the part of the prisoners to escape, it would appear that this wholesale intoxication of the jail-guard was probably a mere practical joke, without any the slightest intention of committing.a crime. In one ease mentioned by Chevers, the intention of administer- ing Datura poison was not crime, but the mere desire on the part of a widow to stupify three persons from whose company she wanted to escape ! One of the three victims was a man who admired her for her good looks, but he did not know that she had sense enough to
44 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV
escape from one she had no regard for. I can add many more instances like those mentioned above regarding the non-criminal use of Datura, but I must consider the space I can reasonably claim in this journal,
Dr. Norman Chevers dwells a great deal on the criminal use of the Datura plant by the natives of India, numely, for stupifying the victims and then robbing them of their money, by the administration of either Datura leaves or pounded Datura seeds in bread, sweetmeats or drink. But I must add here that the practice of poisoning for criminal purposes is well known to have been followed even in European countries, as testified to by Huropean writers. It only means that human criminal nature is alike, all over tne world, where gain by sordid means is concerned. Dr. Christison has it, in his work on Poisons cited above, that the Thorn-apple in his day was being used in Germany to cause loss of consciousness and lethargy, preparatory to the commission of various crimes. Itis known to have been used in France also for making men énsens¢ble with wine, in which Thorn-a pple seeds had been steeped. Note that thereafter the insensible and help- less men were robbed of their personal effects. Vicat in his treatise on the Poisonous Plants of Switzerland mentions a case of poisoning by the Thorn-apple plant.
Dr. Chevers cites cases in which Datura is used for suicidal purposes. ( See p. 203. op. cit.). Dr. Shortt of Madras has recorded that a middle- aged Brahmin returned as usual in the morning from his field, and fell, admitting, on being questioned by the women of the house, that he had eaten Datura leaves. Dr. Shortt says, that the suicide of this Brahmin was imitated by two girls who lived not far off, and who poisoned themselves with Datura while the sensation caused by his death prevailed. It is a well-known fact that suicide is often a con- tagious infirmity of the human mind. Dr. Norman Chevers’ work is replete with many more instances of accidental or non-criminal, as well as criminal intentional poisoning with Datura. But I must say Buss after having so largely quoted him in the foregoing
remarks.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE U. Note that the name of the plant is Datura fastuosa, and not D,
fastusa as printed on the plate.
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 45
No. 1 denotes an open flower and two small flower-buds at the apex of a flowering branch reduced 4 in size.
No. 2 denotes the full-blow top of the tubular corolla, showing partly some stamens reduced 4.
No. 3 is the capsule, normal size almost.
No. 4 horizontal section of fruit ( normal size). The brown part shows the seed arrangement ; the white part shows the fleshy axile
placentation, No. 5 shows the brown seed, with a part of the white piacenta.
46
MEMOIRS ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA. By G. W. KrrKatpy, F.E.S. With Plates A, B and C.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 19th Nov. 1901),
The present memoir consists principally of notices of a portion of the miscellaneous material from Ceylon sent to me for study by my friend, Mr, EK. Ermest Green, Government Entomologist of Ceylon, to whom my best thanks are due. I am indebted to this Society for defraying the cost of the coloured plate; the other has been prepared from drawings made by myself, except the homopterous tegmina which have been photographed by a friend.
Species of which 1 have recently examined the types are marked
with a dagger (+ ). TloMOPTERA.
Family—Fulgoride. Sub-family—Fulgorine.
Modern authors have restricted the genus Fulgora, Linn., to the species of which Cicada candelaria, Linn., may be considered as the type, Laternaria, Jiinn., being employed for Cicada laternaria, Linn , and Pyrops, Spin., for Tettigonia tenebrosa, Fabr., and its congeners. This does not appear to be correct. Laternaria was erected by Linneeus in 1764 for some species of his original genus Crcada, but as no generic description was adjoined, I have not considered it valid (1). Three years later the same author included these species in his new genus
fulgora laternaria being fixed as the type by Lamarck in 1801. In 1839 Spinola monographed the family (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, VII, pp. 183-454, Pls. 10-17), founding nineteen new genera, of which Pyrops embraced a heterogeneous assemblage of species for which no type was then fixed. A preliminary notice, however, in which all these genera were diagnosed and types fixed (1839, Revue. Zool., ps. 199-206 ), has been overlooked apparently by later authors; in this the type of Pyvops was stated to be candelarius (Linn. ) , a certainly
(dl ) phosphor eu Sine is ieually, quoted as the type oF Takarmneos iy but L, Coe ea, Linn., 1764 (not Fulgora phosphorea, Linn., 1767, » hich isnot a Fulgurid ) is the Cicada laternar ia Linn., 1748, so that if Laternariu be considered valid as a genus, its type must be known as Laternaria laternaria (Livn.). In any case the specife name «ught not to be alt-red. It is to be noted that the restoration cf Laternaria asa genus ought not to interfere with the application here given of Pyrops and ANE for Fulgora is syntypical with Laternaria,
Journ. BombayNat. Hist
i
SOC.
Horace Knight del-et hth,
MinternBros.Chromo.London.
i)
set
3
S
a eA
ie
MEMOIRS ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA. 47
more suitable exponent of the genus than éenebrosus (iabr.), subse- quently selected by Amyot and Serville (1843, Hémiptéres, p. 491), who at the same time proposed Hotinus for candelarius. The following synonymy will, therefore, be necessary :
1. Fuoucora, Linn., 1767; Am. Serv., 1842.
= JSaternaria (Linn., 1764, haud descr.), Stal, 1866, et auctt.
Type laternaria (Linn.), Lam., 1801.
Z. Pyrops, Spin., 1839.
= AHotinus, Am. Serv., 1843.
= Fulgora, Stal, 1866, ot auctt.
Type candelarius (Linn.), Spin., 1839,
3, ZANNA, D.n.
= Pyrops, Am. Serv., 18438, et auctt.
Lype tenebrosa (Fabr.), Kirk., 1900. Pyrops.
This genus, as now restricted, is entirely Oriental in its distribution, the majority of the species being more ox less local. There are three Sinhalese species, all of which appear to be confined to the island. (2)
P. MAcULATUS (Oliv.)
isrepresented on PI. A, fig. 1, and of this Hotinus fulvirostris, Walker, is doubtless an insignificant variety. The only precise locality I have is “ Kandy, June, 97 (&. E. G.).”
+ P. coccingus (Walker), perhaps the handsomest species of the genus, is shown on P] A, fig. 2; I have examined specimens from Kandy (July and Nov.), Dambu and Putlam (4. E. G.).
+ P. insuLaAris (Kirby) is somewhat similar to coceineus but differs abundantly by the shape of the cephalic process (which is much broader and more parallel-sided, as seen laterally) and by the colour of the tegmina and abdomen. I have seen only the imperfect unique type (in the British Museum ) which is figured in Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., XXIV, P!. vi, fig. 4.
¢ P. qi@anrrus (Builer) and ¢ P. suurana (Adams and White. )
Gerstiicker (1895, MT. naturw. Ver. Neu.-Vorp. Riigen, DOXSVALIG a. 19) remarks : “ Wodurch sich...... Fulgora gigantea, Butler, von Hotinus
(2) P. maculatus is recorded by Westwood (T. Linn. Soc, Lond., XVIII, p. 140) from India, but this has not been confirmed.
48 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,
sultana, Adams and White, unterscheiden sollen, ist weder aus de Abbildung noch Beschreibung zuersehen.”
The types of both species are, nowever, in the British Museum, and the species, although very closely allied, are sufficiently distinct.
giganteus. sultana. Larger— Smaller— A number of pinkish spots on No pinkish spots on the basal the basal half of the tegmina. half of the tegmina. No whitish spots on the apical A number of whitish spots on half of the hindwings. the apical half of the hindwings.
Basal half of tegmina yellowish Basal half of tegmina black, rather than blackish.
These slight differences are constant in the 10 ex. of giganteus and 3 examples of sultana which I have seen. SBuitler’s figure of giganteus does not give a good idea of the colouring of the tegmina (1874, P. Z. S., Pl. 15, fig. 2), in which the yellow nervures are sufficiently pronounced to afford a yellowish rather than a blackish appearance to the basal half. I possess a small specimen of sultana from Kina Balu, Borneo.
ZANNA
occurs in the Ethiopian and Oriental Regions; the species are usually local and scarce. The two Sinhalese are closely allied, but while the upper surface of the abdomen is blackish in aFFINIS (Westw.), itis pale flavous in DoHRNI (Stal), The latter is figured on Pl. 1, fig. 3.
Z, TERMINALIS (Gerst.)
== Pyrops terminalis, Gerst., 1895, MT, Naturw. Ver. Neu.-Vorp.
Riigen, X XVII, p. 19.
I have seen specimens from British Borneo, Sarawak, Singapore and Penang. It is closely allied to 2. nobilis (W estw.) and differs from the typical section by the very long, curved, tuberculate, strongly carinate capital process and by the somewhat feebly carinate scutellum. The neuration of a specimen in Mr. Stanley Edwards’s collection is abnormal in the right tegmen, the interior basal nervure of the clavus bifurcating near its apex, the interior veiniet meeting the apical nervure of the clavus apical to the junction of the latter with the exterior veinlet,
MEMOIRS ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA. 49
POLYDICTYA KRISNA, sp. Nov. PI. A, fig, 4.
Head not produced anteriorly, rostrum reaching to middle of abdomen, posterior tibie with 6-7 spines.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum greenish-testaceous, metanotum and abdomen sanguineous, genital segments luteous. Femora brownish, tibie and tarsi black, the former banded with brownish at base and in the middle. Rostrum fuscous. Ocelli stramineous. Eyes and antenne brownish-testaceous. Tegmina: basal two-thirds ivory- white, nervures greenish ; apical third brownish ; whole surface plenti- fully spotted with black, Hind wings sanguineous, apical third brown, with sanguineous or brownish nervures.
Long. 114 mill., Exp. tegm. 354 mill,
Cryton : Kandy [type] Dec. 97 and Pundaluoya, Dec. ’97 (E. E. Green—collns, Green and Kirkaldy). I think a poor specimen from Inp1a (British Museum) belongs to this species.
Probably closely allied to P. pantherina, Gerst., 1. c., p. 26., from Ceylon, but smaller and different in colour.
KaLIDASA SANGUINALIS (Westw. ) Aphana sanguinalis, Westw., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), VII, p. 208 (1851). Phoronis sanguinalis, Stal, 1863, Stett. Ent. Zeit., Kalidasa sanguinalis, Kirkaldy, 1900, Entom, XX XIII, p. 243.
As this species was not included in any of Atkinson’s papers, or, indeed, lately, anywhere eise (to my knowledge), except a reference in Kirby’s Catalogue (1. ¢., p. 183), I reproduce the original descrip- tion which is contained in a now scarce Journal. “ Sanguinea, capitis rostro (3) filiformi recurvo supra prothoracem recumbenti, nigro ; alis anticis nigro maculatissimis, costa maculis circa 10 majoribus quadratis, apicibus castaneis immaculatis ; alis posticis albofarinosis, maculis apicibusque pallide albidis; abdomine supra dense albofarinoso, corpore toto subtus cum promuscide sanguineo; tibiis tarsisque 4 anticis nigris. A discolor, Guér. proxima, Exp. al. 24 une, CEYLON.
(3) Rostrum, Westw.==cephalic process mod. auctt ; promuscis, Westw,=rostrum mod. auctt,
q
50 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.
Sub-family DicryopHarIn”. DicHorTErRA, Spin.
Stal’s figure of the tegmen (1866, Hem. Afr., IV, Pl. 1, fig. 3) is incorrect, the transverse claval nervure {by the presence of which the Swedish Master distinguishes this genus and its allies from Dicty- ophara, Germ., etc.) not being represented. Brongniart (4) has figured beautifully the flight organs in D. hyalinata ( Fabr. ), and a tegmen is also correctly enough represented in Spinola’s Monograph ( Pl. 13, fig. 3), but as both these works will be inaccessible to a large number of workers, the neuration ofthe tegmina of the allied D. hampsoni, Distant, is portrayed on Pl. 2, fig. 1.
D, HAmpsont, Dist.
D, hyalinata, Kirby, 1891, J. Linn. Soc., XXIV, p. 133 ( nee. Fabr.)
D, hampsoni, Dist., 1892, Trans, Hnt. Soc., p. 278.
The true hyalinata does not apparently occur in Ceylon; hampsoni is separable at once by the distinctly longer cephalic process.
Piprocua, gen. nov. (5)
iD ophare affinis, capite processu longo producto; clavo inter nervuram interiorem et clavi suturam nervula transversa instructo, preeterea nervulis transversis destituto ; costa hand dilatata, stigmate opaco, binervi ; Tegminibus apicem versus nervulis transversis instructis, Pedibus longiusculis, tibtis posticis 3- aut 4-spinosis, tibiis anticis femoribus multo longioribus. Typo Dictyophara (?) egregia, Kirby.
Head porrect, eight times as long as pronotum (medianly ), _ basal third of dorsal part not much narrower than the two eyes together, finely and closely rugulose transversely, carinate medianly and’ later- ally, the latter sinuate ; somewhat superficially carinate transversely behind the central line of the eyes, the head above behind this carina being produced laterally, and as wide at the base as the anterior margins of the pronotun. At about one-third of its length the head is suddenly contracted, the central carina of the dorsal part becoming quite obsolete on the basal half, .e., of the contracted portion, and somewhat superficial on the apical half ; the lateral carinee are sub- parallel up to a short space from the apex, when they suddenly diverge
(4) Recherches surles Insectes fossiles des Temps Primaires (1893) 1894, Vol. I, p. 275 Vol. II, Pl. 28, figs. 8 & 9.
(5) Pibroch, English corruption of the Gaelic Piobaireachd, gathering music performed on the pipes.
MEMOIRS ON GRIENTAL RHYNCHOTA. 51
at an obtuse angle; apex truncate, carinate transversely. Frons quadricarinate, the lateral carinze meeting the lateral carine of the dorsal surface at the apex in a subacute angle, the two central carine continuing tothe apex where they meet fornicately, much elevated above and beyond the rest of the frons. The space between the two central and two lateral, frontal carinee is transversely catinate near the apex, the apical portion concave and its apical margin rounded. Clypeus laterally carinate. Ocelli large and distinct. Rostrum reaching to middle of abdomen. Antenne: Ist segment of peduncle very short, second long, stout, subglobular, covered with sensory organs, armed extero-laterally with a long acute spine. Pronotum and scutel- lum longitudinally tricarinate. Tegmina reaching far beyond the apex of the abdomen ; furnished with a number of transverse nervures towards the apex; clavus with a short transverse nervure between the claval suture and the interior claval nervure, otherwise without transverse nervules. Costa not dilated, stigma opaque, with two nervures ; longitudinal nervures of the apical haif of tegmina spinulose. Anterior and posterior tibize much longer than their respective femora, posterior tibize 3- or 4-spinose, connexiva very narrow, carinate on both sides, and in the depression thus formed lie the large spiracles. (6)
The genus is closely allied to Dictyophara, Germar, but, beyond other differences, is readily recognisable by the transverse nervure in the clavus, which thus allies it to Dichoptera, Spin. I know only one species, the type, vz. :
P. ecREeciIA (Kirby) Pe Bonioee2:
= + Dictyophora (2) egregia; Kirby, l.c., p. 135, Pl. v, fig. 4. I have examined the type and specimens from Pundaluoya and Harragam (Ceylon, EL. E. G.).
Sub-family Issn. = Hurybrachyine auctt. EURYBRACHYS CRUDELIS, Westw. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) vii, p. 208 (1851).
This is another species which has not, to my knowledge, been described or referred to, except in Kirby’s Catalogue (1. ¢., p. 183), since its original publication half-a-century ago.
(6) LIwould have lik-d to figure the weird head and the connexiva, etc., but these insects ‘do not dry well and the delineation of the parts has been postponed till I can examine fresh or alcoholic material.
52 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,
“ Pallide fusco-albida, alis anticis dilatatis margine anticis sinuato, venis obscurioribus, strigis punctisque numerosis minutissimis nigris; alis posticis niveis, dimidio basali coccineo, maculisque 3 nigris rotundatis, prope marginem apicalem ; pedibus corpore concoloribus, tibiis dilatatis, nigro parum irroratis, posticis interdum nigris ; promuscide ad pedes intermedios tantum extensa. EL. insigni Westw., proxima. Exp. 2 unc, Ceylon.”
Sub-family Astracina. = Delphacida, Stal. PUNDALUOYA, gen. nov.
Antennis sat brevibus, plus minus: incrassatis, non autem dilatatis, segmento secundo primo longiore ; pronoto capite latiore: genis haud parallelis. Scutello tricarinato. Tegminibus planiusculis. Pedibus anterioribus haud dilatatis. Typo Delphaci ernestz, Kirby.
Dorsal part of head very short, hemispherical, medianly longitudinally earinate, anterior and lateral margins carinate. Eyes large and oblique, ocelli distinct. Frons hexagonal, about one-third longer than wide, with a median longitudinal carina which forks close to the base ; all the margins carinate. Clypeus carinate laterally and medianly. Anten- ne : second segment of peduncle one-half longer than the first, subtu- berculate furnished with short spiny hairs. Pronotum very short, transverse, hexagonal, medianly longitudinally carinate, the antero- and postero-lateral margins carinate, the three carine entire and subpar- allel. Scutellum much longer than pronotum, tricarinate, Tegmina longer than the whole body; clavus subgranulate, the granulations piliferous ; nervures on apical half of tegmina sparsely furnished with hairs, Posterior tibize with a single spine, Not very closely allied to any other genus, though apparently belonging near the Ugyops Guérin group,
Type P. ernesti (Kirby). Pieb tiger: { Delphax ernesti, Kirby, |. c., p. 140, Pl. v, fig. 14.
N.B.—In Kirby’s description, the length “ 4-5 lin.” is a misprint for “ 4-5 mill.”
Sub-family PoEKILLOPTERINA, = Flatida + Ricaniida, Stal. POCHAZIA ANTIGONE, sp. nov.
Brunnea, tegminibus margini apicali leviter convexo, margini costali leviter sinuato, membrana costali albomaculata. Long. corp. 81-94 mill., long. (tegm. inclusis) 14 mill., exp. 813 mill.
MEMOIRS ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA. 53
CryLon: Kandy (July. 1897); Haragam (Aug. 1897); collns. Green and Kirkaldy.
Frons with strong lateral carinee, the central carina apically obso- lete ; apical margin of tegmina slightly, but noticeably, convex ; costal margin slightly sinuate. Brownish- or reddish-testaceous; tegmina dark-brownish, basal half of costal membrane black a long-isosceles white spot on costal membrane about the middle ; apical margin wide- ly infuscate, two narrow transverse cloudy lines nearer the middle of the tegmen. Hind wings of the general ground colour of the tegmina.
Allied to the variable P. obscura (Fabr.), but differs by the sinuous costal margin, the apically obsolete central carina and the strong lateral caringe of the frons; the brownish- or reddish-testaceous abdomen, and the noticeable white spot on the costal membrane.
RIcANIA MELICHARI, n. n., for R. subfusca, Mel., 1898, Verh. Zool- bot. Ges. Wien., p. (nec Stal, 1865, O. V. A. F., p. 162), | FLATA OCELLATA (Fabr.)
At stione os
As this well distributed species is the type of the genus and has not been accessibly figured, a coloured representation is now given. The size and number of the tegminal spots varies somewhat.
FLATA CORNUTIPENNIS, n. 0. = + Phylliphanta acutipennis, Kirby, 1891. nec | Cromna acutipennis, Walker, 1851. PHROMNIA MARGINELLA (Oliv.). Fulgora marginella, Oliv., 1791, and Ene. Meth, VI., 566. Phromnia marginella, Ind, Mus. Notes, 1891, H, p. 95, Pl. XVI. Phronima (7) marginella and deltotensis, Kirby, |. ¢., p. 155. P. deltotensis appears not to differ structurally from the greenish marginella. HANSENIA, gen. nov.
Cerynie, Stal, affinis ; antennis pedunculi segmentis primo ultra ge- narum margini laterali multo extendenti, secundo primo circa } plo longiore. Tegminibus maxime decumbentibus, serie una regulari ner- vularum instructa ; membrana costali dilatata, basi angustata, Abdo- mine compresso. Typo Peciloptera glauca, Kirby.
(7) Walker & Kirby spell this Phronima, which is, however, a crustaceous genus,
54 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.
Frons longitudinally convex, genz anteriorly rotundate, neither (frons nor gene) produced in the middle, Ocelli distinct. Antenne ; segments of the peduncle elongate, first extending considerably beyond the lateral margins of the genze, second about one-fifth longer than the first. Tegmina very greatly decumbent, very ample, sensibly widened towards the apex, rotundate, with a single regular series of transverse nervures towards the apex ; corium, etc. (except at the base) with numerous transverse nervures ; many of the longitudinal nervures furcate. Costal membrane dilated, basally narrowed more than twice as long in the middle as the costal area. Posterior tibise with one spine. Abdomen compressed.
I have great pleasure in dedicating this genus to my friend, Dr. H. J. Hansen, to whom Homopterists are indebted for the essay upon the more minute structure of the auchen norrhyncha. It is allied to Cerynia, Stal, but differs abundantly in the neuration, etc. It is superficially exceedingly like Copsyrna, Stal, as represented by C. tineoides (Oliv.) [= C. stollzi (Spin.)], but in the latter the neuration of the tegmina is quite different, there being no regular row of transverse nervures near the apex, while the head is much wider and the first segment of the peduncle very short. C. téneodes is at once distinguish- able (beyond the structural characters) by the curved whitish streak and the whitish specks on the tegmina. The only species of Hansenia known to me is
H, PULVERULENTA (Guér.}) (7a) = Pezciloptera pulverulenta,Guérin (? 1843), Icon. Régne Anim.,, p.361. = | Peciloptera glauca, Kirby, 1891, 1, ¢, p. 154, Pl. VI, fig. 14,
Apparently confined to Ceylon, “ It sometimes covers the leaves of certain Eugenia trees upon which the larva feeds, and when disturbed flies out in clouds.” (/. #. G., Dec. 13, ?99.)
Family CrcapiIpZ. DUNDUBIA LELITA, sp. n. (8)
2 Obscure brownish-castaneous, with golden yellow pubescence ;
ocelli rubid, Head (except the anterior and posterior central parts)
I had commenced the figuring of the details of neuration, etc., of several Sinhalese Poekillopterinae, but as I find, since this paper was in proof, that my friend Dr. Melichar of Vienna is monographing the group, these details have been omitted here. -
(8) lelita, one of the thirty-six musical keys mentioned in the holy Hindu book ‘ Soma,’
MEMOIRS ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA, 55
and pronotum (except some obscure markings and two submedian longitudinal black stripes) ochraceous, posterior margin wholly ochraceous ; three longitudinal black lines and two yellow incurved raised lines on the mesonotum. Underneath obscure brownish-castan- eous ; rostrum pale (except apical segment). Costa brownish-castaneous, basal cell ochraceous. Apex of exterior ulnar area narrower than in D. mannifera (Linn.), Dist.
Opercula short, not reaching apex of 2nd abdominal segment, subtriangular. Anterior femora with two strong spines.
Long. 30 mm., exp. 89 mm.
BririsH Borneo (collns, Edwards and Kirkaldy),
This species seems to belong to the typical subgenus by the short rostrum which just passes the intermediate cox, but it differs from its consubgeners by the less swollen and narrower frons and by the ocelli being about twice as far from the eyes as from one another ; unfor- tunately, I have seen three females only.
CRYPTOTYMPANA EDWARDSI, sp. n. (9)
Belongs to Distant’s Section F, (Monogr. Orient. Cie., p. 88.) &. Shining blackish ; eyes, a central longitudinal line on the head and anterior part of prouotum, a sublateral wedge and the posterior margin of pronotum (except in the middle), an undulatory line on mesonotum, cruciform elevation, ete. —ochraceous ; tympanal coverings ochraceous ; soiled with blackish laterally. Beneath (including the opercula) ochra- ceous ; head and rostrum, basal abdominal segment, a spot at apex of penultimate and whole of ultimate segment, anterior and intermediate femora outwardly, anterior tibie tarsi and all the claws—black, Tegmina and wings hyaline; costa (except ochraceous basal part), basal cell, base of anal area, etc.—blackish ; nervures, ochraceous, Head rather swollen in front ; anterior femora armed with two strong spines (basal one the larger), and two minute spines before the anterior large spine ; opercula long, reaching to the middle of the 4th segment, their inner margins contiguous for about their basal half, then diverg- ing curvedly, incurving about the middle of the second segment, apices remote, subacute.
Long. 463 mill., lat. 28 mill., exp. 115 mill.
‘ Typra’ (coll. Hdwards).
(9) Named after Mr, Stanley J. Edwards, F.L.S.,who kindly entrusted me with some interesting material from India and Borneo.
56 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1V.
Apparently very different from the other species of the genus by the form of the opercula.
HETEROPTERA. ARTIFICIAL Group CRYPTOCERATA.
I had hoped to include in this memoir a synoptical revision of the Oriental species of the Notonectide and Corixidae, but I have had to defer this, owing to my present inability to fix the specific limits of several species of Hnithares, Spin., Andsops., Spin., Nychia, Stal, ete. It appears almost impossible to deal satisfactorily with these genera without alcoholic material, which has been available in a few cases only.
Family Mirw2. =Capsidee auctt. (10) THAUMASTOMIRARIA, divis. nova.
Head vertical, transverse as seen from above, transversely depressed near the base between the eyes. Pronotum with a narrow apical collar, posteriorly elevated, lateral margins sinuate, antero- and postero-lateral angles obtuse. Cuneus somewhat indistinct except at the lateral margins. Membrane with a single entire longitudinal nervure. Hindwings without a hook in the cell. Legs simple, tarsi with 3 segments, apical the thickest, with long curved claws and large aroliz. Abdomen short, not reaching nearly to the apex of the elytra.
Not at all closely allied to any other divisions of the Miride known to me, and at once distinguished by the entire longitudinal nervure in the membrane.
THAUMASTOMIRIS, gen. nov. (11)
Head vertical, transversely depressed between the eyes, transverse as seen from above, not longitudinally sulcate. Eyes large, together almost equal to the width of the head at base. Antennze : Ist segment longer than head above, 2nd three-eighths longer than the first, 3rd slightly longer than first, 4th slightly longer than the second ; fourth thinner than third, both much thinner than 1 and 2 ; second thinner than first. Rostrum reaching almost to posterior coxee, Pronotum densely punctured, narrowly collared in front, callose submedianly immediately behind the collar ; posterior half subconvex ; anterior
(10) Miris, Fabr., 1794, is the oldest genus in the family, capsus, dating 1803.
(11) The component ‘ Miris’ does not infer aclose relationship or resemblance to the genus Miris, Fabr., but refers to its affnity to the Miride as a family. As it is the cnly known genus the division, I reproduce the divisional characters in the generic description,
wn 3
“MEMOIRS ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA,
margin roundly excavated, lateral margins sinuate, posterior margin truncate and slightly sinuate ;. anterior and posterior angles obtuse. Scutellum not suleate. Hlytra extending far beyond apex of abdomen, subrugose with short, somewhat close, hairs (not pubescence) ; cuneus not distinctly separated from corium, except at the lateral margin, in shape very long triangular, apex curved round to nearly the apex of the mem- brane, which is ovoid with a single strong nervure running longitudinally (slightly exterior to the median line ) and terminating at the cuneus : slightly behind the apex of the latter. Wings without a hook in the cell. Legssimple, femora slightly incrassate. Arolia large, round, widely separated ; claws long, curved. Underside and legs with somewhat long, pale hairs. Anterior cox rather more than twice as long as wide. ‘Tarsi with 3 segments, the apical one thickest. T. SANGUINALIS, sp. n. ( type). IAG ho Om Comte, Dyatlan4.
Sanguineous, membrane infuscate. Hyes deep-crimson ; antenne blackish, Ist segment more or less reddish; tarsi blackish, Wing nervures more or less infuscate, except the costa which is sanguineous,
Long. 5 mill.
Frequents Crinium asiaticum, Peradeniya, CryLton ( E. BE. Green). The types( @) have been placed in the British Museum.
Division Laboparia- BERTA, gen. nov.
Pilose, head very small, almost roundly perpendicular. Antenne : second segment subincrassate, thickest towards (but not at) the apex, two-fifths longer than the first, two and-a-half times as long as the third, which is a little slenderer than the first and somewhat curved ; third and fourth subequal in length, fourth thinnest. Rostrum reaching to intermediate coxee. Pronotum and prosternum very con- vex, the former not constricted anteriorly, and margins rounded, not sinuate nor reflexed, posterior margin very slightly sinuate. Scutellum large. Type Capsus lankanus, Kirby. Not closely allied to any Laboparian known to me.
B, LANKANA (Kirby). IDA, fo. 7 & Pl. By fe. 5. = Capsus lankanus, Kirby, 1. ¢., p- 107.
Of this very pretty myioplianous bag, I have examined two
females from Ceylon, wz.,\the'type ‘from Nitagala (British Museum, 8
58 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.
BK. E. Green) anda specimen from Pundaluoya (H. E. Green, Feb. 1899 ) from which the figures are taken.
Division Capsaria.
HYALOPEPLUS, Stal.
This genus seems to be well represented in the Oriental and Poly- nesian Regions. To it should be referred Carsus RAMA, Kirby, l. ¢., p. 106, which is now delineated on Pl. 1, fig. 8 and Pl. 2, fig. 6. I have seen H. rama from Cryton, Pundaluoya ; and Morowa, Korale (Feb. 1900) Reg. No. 127 Tea, Peradeniya Oct. 1898 (E. E. G.) and Inp1A, Sikkim.
Capsus lineifer, Walker, trom Malacca belongs either to this genus or to @ new one very closely allied, while for C. discoidalts, Walker, rom Malacca and Singapore, anew genus, closely allied to Ayals-
peplus, will be necessary. ISABEL., n. g-
Hyalopeplo affinis sed a forma pronoti, antennarum, membranze arearum, facillime distinguenda.
Antennarum seemerto secundo primo fere triplo longiore, tertio duplo longiou, primo cum quarto subsequali ; primo crassissimo sed haud maxime incrassato quam apud Hyalopeplum. tiostro fere ad apicem coxarum posticarum attingente. Pronoti angulis posterolateralibus prominentibus, acutis. Hlytra quam apud Hyalopeplum, sed membrane cellula interiore perlongo, ultra cunei apicem extendeus, angulo apicali acuto ; cellula exteriore maiore quam apud Hyalopeplum. Alee posterio- ris cellula sine hamo. Typo Capso ravana, Kirby.
Head triangular subhorizontal ; rostrum reaching almost to apex of posterior coxe ; antennz : second segment nearly three times as long as first, and twice as long as third, first and fourth subequal ; first the thickest but not greatly incrassate. Pronotum collared in front, con- stricted a little before the middle, transversely rugose, postero lateral angles salient, acute. Elytra as in Hyalopepdus, but the exterior cell of the membrane is much larger ana the interior cell much longer, and is acute-angled apically. Wing cell without % hook, -
TsarmL RAVANA ( Kirby ), Pl. A, fig. 9 and Pl. B, fig. 7.
This beautifully sculptured little insect is superficially very like Ih es es wie ba differs considerably in detail,
(To be continued.). Tee Bee pac
59
THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON, By Matcoum Burr, Wirsa Prates A, B.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 19th November, 1901.) CHIEF WORKS QUOTED. BOLIVAR, I. Les Orthopteres de St. Joseph’s College a Trichinopoly. (Ann. Soe, ent.; Fr., 1897, p. 282.) BORMANS, A. de. Quelques Forficulaires nouveaux ou peuconnus, (Ann, Soc, ent., Belg., xxvii, pp. 59-90, Tabs, 2 & 3, 1883.) Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmanfa e regioni vicine. VII. Dermapteres. (Ann, Mus. Civ. Gen., 1888, (2), vi., pp. 431-448.)
————— LXI, Dermapteres, (2de
partie), (op. cit., 1894, (2), xiv., pp. 371-409.)
& Krauss, H. Forficulidee and Hemimeride, in Bronn’s Tierreich. 11 Lieferung. Orthoptera. Berlin, 1900.
BRUNNER, C. von Wattenwyl. Prodromus der Europaischen Orthopteren. Leipzig, 1882,
BURMEISTER, H. Handbuch der Entomologie, II, 1839.
BURR, M. British Orthoptera. Huddersfield, 1897.
On the Species of Dyscritina reared by Mr. Green, (Tr. ent. Soc., London, 1898, pp. 387-390.)
—— Notes on the Forficularia, LIV. (Ann, Mag. N.H., (7), iv., pp. 252-260.)
DOHRN, H. Versuch einer Monographie der Dermapteren, (Stett. ent., Zeit., 1863-67., xxiv., pp. 35, 309: xxv., pp. 285,417: xxviii. p. 341.)
DUBRONY, A. Enumeration des Orthopteres rapportes par MM. J. Doria, O. Beccari et L. M. d’Albertis des regions Indienne et Austro-Malaise. I. Dermapteres. (Ann, Mus. Civ. Gen., xiv., pp. 348-383, 1879.)
FIEBER, Fr, X. Synopsis der Europaischen Orthopteren; aus dem III. Jahrgang der Zeitschrift “‘ Lotos” besonders abgedruckt. Prag., 1853 (the date given is 1854),
FISCHER, L. H. Orthoptera Europaea. Lipsia, 1853.
GERSTAECKER, A. Baron Carl van der Decken’s Reisen in Ost-Afrika, 2 Abth, Glieder- thiere, Insekten, (Taf., III., Leipzig, 1873.)
bE Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Orthopteren-Fauna QGuinea’s nach den von R. Buch- holz wahrend der Jahre, 1872 bis 1875, daselbst gesammelten Arten, (Mitth. naturw. Ver. Neuvorp. und Rugen, I, 1883.)
GREEN, E.E. Notes on Dyscritina Longisetosa, Westw. (Tr. ent. Soc., London, 1896, p. 299.)
—— Dyscritina Longisetosa, Westw. is a Forficulid larva. (Ent. mo, Mag, (2), VIII p. 205, 1897.)
Further notes on Dyscritina. (Tr. ent. Soc., London, 1898, p. 381, Pls. XVIII. & XIX.)
HAAN, Dr. W. de. Bijdragen tot de Kennis der Orthopterea. (Verhandl. over de natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche Bezittingen, 1842.)
KIRBY, W.F. A Revision of the Forficulide, with descriptions of New Species in the British Museum, (Linn, Soe. Journ, Zool., XXTIL., pp. 502-531, Tab. 12.)
MOTSCHULSKY, Essai d’un Catalogue des Jnsectes de Vile de Ceylan. II. Dermap- teres. (Bull, Soc. Kmp. Moscou, ¥xxvi., IJ., pp, 1-4, 1863.)
SCUDDER, §. H. Critical and Historical Notes on the Forficularia, (Proc. Bost, Soe. N.H., xviii., 9876, reprinted in his Entom, Notes, V.)
60 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,
SERVILLE, A. Ilistoire naturelle des Insectes. Orthopteres, Paris, 1839, WESTWOOD, J,O. An Introduction to a Modern Classification of Insects, London,
1839. PREFACE,
The following account of the Forficularia known to occur in Ceylon is written to encourage entomolegists residing in or visiting that island to pay attention to this interesting, but neglected, group of insects,
Earwigs form a very compact and well-defined suborder of Orthoptera, and, roughly speaking, about four hundred species are known to Science, For some reason they have met unjustifiable neglect at the hands of orthop- terists, and almost all workers who give their attention to this fascinating order have passsd over the earwigs, contenting themselves, from time to time, with describing a few novelties.
This is no doubt due to the lack of any comprehensive work upon the sub- ject and it is hoped that this short paper will, to a certain extent, remove this defect, The writer hopes that by its help entomologisis in Ceylon and in the neighbouring regions will commence to make collections of earwigs, and to publish the results of their observations, so that in a short time there may " be sufficient material at hand to compile an account of the Forjicularia of British India, if not of the whole Oriental Region,
Thanks to M, deBormans, the authority upon the group, our knowledge of the earwigs of the Malay Archipelago, of Burmah and of Central America is more extensive. But in spite of the numerous and valuable publications of this author, new species come to hand in considerable numbers from almost every locality. The scope for the discovery uf novelties alone should encourage interest and study ia the group in question.
Much, too, remains to be done concerning the development, life-histcries and general biological questions of earwigs. As an example, we cite the discoveries made by my friend Mr, H, E, Green is the anatomy and develop- ment of Diplatys, set forth in his admirable paper, a work which is as valu- able for its suggestiveness as on account of the actual facts and observa-
tions recorded. It is to Mr. Green’s energy in collecting that the balk of the material for
this paper is due, and I take this opportunity of acknowledging my indebted- ness. ee :
Further material has been afforded. from the work of H. Dohrn, and from the collections of the British Museum, University Museum of Oxford and of the Royal Natural History Museum of Brussels, Iam indebted to the courtesy of M, George Severin for the opportunity of examining at leisure the collections of the latter museum, *nd to my esteemed friend and colleague M, A. de Bormans for advice and information in the preparation of this paper. Ialso have to thank Prof. E. B. Poulton, of Oxford, and Mr, W. F. Kirby, of the British Museum, for their fcmednens when eee’ with the specimens in their respective collections,
Plates Av
Journ. Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc.
|
Chromo-hth. London.
Mintern Bros.
E.E.Green del..
CENMEON BORE GUBAR TA
eireety ae Mt cca
ue
i.
THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON, © oll
INTRODUCTION.
The HEAD, in the Forficularia, is more or less flattened and heart-shaped, It offers few characteristics which are of any value for specific distinction except the number and form of antennal segments, These may vary from 9 to 30 in number, and form a useful generic character. The segments are usually pear-shaped, or abruptly conical, Green has detected an oval glandular (?) body on the under surface ofeach segment, its presence indicated by a depression and a minute pore. This organ is visible from the earliest stages and are most probably a sense organ of some kind.
The PRONOTUM is small, either narrower or broader than the head, more or less square in shape, The angles may be either rectangular or rounded, and sometimes the anterior border of the pronotum is rounded, sometimes straight, as also the posterior border, A small SCUTELLUM is visible between the elytra and the base in certain genera, The MESO and META-NOTA are visible when the elytra are absent or rudimentary.
The ELYTRA are sometimes absent, and sometimes rudimentary, in which case they are cemented to the thorax, and usually more or less triangular in shape; when they are perfectly developed they are small, _oblong, shining and veinless ; they may be rounded, emarginate or truncated at the apex.
_ The WINGS are voluminous and very delicate; they are shaped like an ear, and veined from the basis of a hard horny scale which occupies the basal half of the anterior margin, From the apex of this scale the small veins radiate fanwise, being crossed by a curved vein which runs completely round the outer border, parallel with the outer margin itself. In repose the wings are folded fanwise from the apex of the scale and then again at right angles, being thus folded up extremely neatly into a very minute and compact flap, which is covered by the small elytra, although these ure about half the size of the wings, or less; when these organs are closed the horny seale is exposed, and is often of the same colour as the elytra. In appearance they resemble a second pair of elytra, and in repose they perform similar functions, When wings are mentioned in descriptions it is this hard scale that is meant, unless it is expressly stated otherwise, In very many cases the wings are entirely absent.
The STERNA are flattened plates.
The ABDOMEN is the most conspicuous part of an earwig, The segments are imbricated together in a beautiful and delicate manner, Whex the abdomen is distended, and the uniting membrane drawn taut, the minute spiracles are visible in the membrane. In some cases the second and third dorsal segments bear at each side a small fold, or “ stink-gland,” which is a. useful character, In the male there are nine se: ments, excluding the last or anal segment ; in the female there are seven visible. Some species are armed
62 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.
with strong lateral spines on the first segments. (Forcipula), and sometimes the sides of the segments are laterally produced into strong recurved hooks (Ancistrogaster.) The form of the anal segment, which varies considerably with the species, is an important character, There is no exserted ovipositor, The subanal plates bear a small projection between the legs of the forceps called the pygidium which is a useful specific character,
The FORCEPS are homologous with the cerci of other Orthoptera, They are horny and unsegmented, of varying shape, which differs even in indivi- duals of the same species ; they are always more simple in form in the 9 than in the @. Inthe genus Diplatys, Green has shown that these organs are long and segmented in the larval stages. In the penultimate stage they are lost, except the basal segment, which becomes transformed into the well-known forceps. The process very probably takes place in other genera, but in very young Pygidicrana-larve there is no visible trace of segmentation in the already formed, though simple, forceps. The forceps of the larve usually resemble those of the adult 9. Their function is uncertain.
The LEGS are formed for running, and offer few characters, The second tarsal segment is very small, and may be simple and cylindrical,as in many genera, or produced into a long lobe beneath the third segment, asin Cheli- oches, or simply lobed or heart-shaped, as in Forjicula,etc., etc. In some cases, however, the first segment is no longer than the second (Apachys), but this is said not to be very constant.
There is a pulvillus between the tarsal claws, but this contracts and shrivels on drying, and so is useless as a character,
The EGGS are simple leathery bags, and are all laid separately, 7.¢., not in an ootheca, as in Blattodea, etc, It is a remarkable fact that the mother earwig shows a certain degree of interest in her eggs, and even in the young larvee after they are hatched. The eggs are usually deposited under a large stone for protection.
The LARV are always more lightly coloured, the integument is:softer, the forceps more simple, than in the imago, but it is often difficult to distin- guish them from the adult in the apterous forms. The larve, however, shrivel up on drying, while the harder and horny imagines retain their shape. In the winged forms the sculpture of the wings is visible upou the notal plates at an early stage,
The phenomenon of GYNANDROMORPHISM® is: not unfrequent in earwigs and has been recorded in several species. ‘The asymmetry of the for- ceps is at once noticeable.
* More frequently it is probable that the so-called cases of (ynandromorphism are merely males with one branch of the forceps undeveloped, z.e., simple and resembling those of the female. In all the instances that I have seen, there have been nine abdominal segments visible, as in the normal male.
THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON. 63
Earwigs feed chiefly upon animal or vegetable refuse, but also devour ripe fruit, the petals of flowers, ete. They are nocturnal insects, and in daylight take shelter under bark, under stones, in holes and crevices, etc. They can be found almost everywhere, and are often attracted into the houses by light. The flattened forms are said to live chiefly under bark, and Brachylabis and Opisthocosmia under dried leaves or in very ripe fruit. In Europe only Labia minor, L., is known to make any use of its wings, but in the Oriental Region crowds are often taken at light.
Little is really known in detail of their habits and economy, and careful observation would be of inestimable value. Of their development and economy all that is known we owe to Mr. Green’s paper quoted above.
The chief characters that are used to discriminate the various species and genera of earwigs are as follow :—
In the head it is important to notice the number of segments in the antenne ; these are naturally fragile, and liable to be incomplete, and so it is as well tp note the number as soon as possible after capture before they are broken ; even in the living insect they are frequently mutilated. In some genera ieee are more than thirty segments, in other there may beas few as nine, It is also important to notice the shape, especially of the first few segments, In those species in which the antenne are dark, with certain segments white, no great reliance is to be put upon which actual segment is thus coloured, as this is a very variable character, The head offers no other characters of much note,
It is useful to observe the shape of the pronotum, and whether it is broader or narrower than the head. The presence ofa small scutellum at the base of the elytra is characteristic of Neolobophora, Pygidicrana and Diplatys.
The elytra are most characteristic when rudimentary,in which case the shape differs very considerably ; this is a most important point in the genera Neolobophora and Anisolabis, The wings are of little use for distinctive purposes.
The small tubercles which are present on the second and third abdominal segments are useful characters, but sometimes they are small and difficult to distinguish. This is especially the case in Carcinophora, where they are pres sent, but barely distinguishable, and in Diplatys, where they are difficult to observe as being covered by the wings in repose.
The shape of the last abdominal segment and of the penultimate ventral segment is also to be noted. The legs do not offer many points ; the form of the second tarsal segment is important. This is simple and cylindrical iu many genera, and heart-shaped or lobed in others, This is a note- worthy character, and specimens should be set in such a manner as to make the tarsi easily accessible with the magnifying glass,
64 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.
The form of the forceps, although very variable, is also an extremely use- ful character, as well for separating species as genera,
Earwigs may be mounted according to the fancy of the collector, It is, perhaps, most satisfactory to pin them with long slender pins, upon which the label with full data may be fixed. The pin may be inserted in the suture between the elytra, or through one of the elytra themselves. With the smaller species it is better to fix them with a drop of cement upon a small triangular card, which may be pinned. In dried specimens the abdo- men is very brittle, and often the different segments drop off,and are very ditficult to replace in their proper position. It is, therefore, advisable to cement a narrow strip of card along the undersurface, upon which the abdo- men may be fastened, The wings are so delicate that it isa matter of con- siderable difficulty to expand them. It is, however, not very important, though in some species, ¢.g., of Anechura, tuey are brightly coloured, Unless done with the greatest care and skill they sre almost certain to tear and be spoilt. Care should be taken that the specimens dry with the legs extended, so that the second tarsal segment may be readily examined,
For packing earwigs to send through the post, ordinary triangular papers may be used, or they may be packed between layers of velvet. In any case, of course, fullest data should be given, In spirits the bodies become dis- tended and liable to drop off or all to pieces,
LITERATURE.
In the way of literature there is but little to reeommend, Dohrn’s great work, Versuch einer Monographie der Dermapteren, published in the Stettiner entomologische Zeitung in 1863—67, is long out of date, though still indispens- able to the student of exotic forms, It is, however, very difficult to obtain though it may be found in entomological libraries, I do not think it was ever issued in separate form. There has been no systematic work since published, but very many species have been described by various authors in different journals. De Bormans gives an account of the earwigs of Burmah from the collections made by Fea, in the Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, second series, Vol, XIV, pages 371—409, but it is a paper that is chiefly of use to the specialist,
A highly important work upon the development of Diplatys is the well- known paper by Mr, E, E, Green, Further Notes on Dyscritina, Westw., in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1898, pp, 3881—3887. Tt is a work of high value, the result of very careful and exact observation.
By the time this article is published a complete monograph of the ear- wigs of the world, by M. de Bormans, the great authority upon the group, should appear, It will, however, be in German, and only include species known up to 1898,.*
_—_———— * This has since appeared in. Das Tierreich, under the title oe For, ficulide and Hemimeride von A, de Bormans and H, Krauss, Berlin 1900,
THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON. 65
CATALOGUE OF FORFICULARIA KNOWN TO OCCUR IN CEYLON
Neolwbophora, Scudd— 1, tamul, n. Pygidicrana, Serv.—
3, annulipes (Luc.). ?4. brunneri (Dohrn). Brachylabis, Dohrn—
1. picta Guer. 1. philetas, n.
2, marmoricrura, Serv. Forcipula, Bol.— 3, nietneri, Dohrn, 1, quadrispinosa (Dohrn). 4, cumingi, Dohrn, Labia, Leach.— 5 angustata, Dohrn. 1. mucronata (Stil.). 26, dilaticauda (Motsch.). 2. curvicauda (Motsch.), Diplatys,Serv— | 8. pilicornis (Motsch.),
1, gersteckeri (Dohrn.).
2, nigriceps (Kirb.). Platylabia, Dohrn— 2. pulchella, Gerst.
1, thoracica, Dohrn, Carcinophora, Scudd.— Echinosoma, Dohrn— | 1. dohrni (Kirb,).
1,: parvulum, Dohrn, | Apterygida, Westw.— Psalis, Serv.— 1. arachidis (Yers.),
1, femoralis (Dohrn), 2, bipartita (Kirb.), Labidura, Leach— 3, cingalensis (Dohrn),
1, riparia (Pall ) Opisthocosmia, Dohrn—
| Chelisoches, Scudd.— | 1, morio (Fabr,),
2. bengalensis, Dohrn. 1. humeralis, Kirb.
3. dufourii (Desm,). | 2. simplex, Borm. Anisolabis, Fieb—. | 3, ceylonica (Motseh.).
1, greeni, Burr, | 4, neolobophoroides, n,
2, kudagee, n. TABLE OF GENERA. 1, Scutellum distinct. 2, Antenne with 12 segments ; elytra rudimentary ; WAN OSM ADSONG Peer wean calsvesteicesicslaiaiaceusueesternaree NEOLOBOPHORA, 2°2, Antenne with more than 12 segments, elytra and wings well developed. 3, ‘Large species ; antennz with more than 25 seg-
MEM LSiiee teeta Rae se vanes Stan im Lees Nests) PYGIDICRANA, 3'3, Small species ; antennz with less than 25 seg- MUCUS Ses oedacetccauecs cooeeuuscheocveneces dt attnatamciee DIPLATYS.
_ Na scutellum visible, ae Second tarsal segn cnt simple, cylindrical. 3, Second and third «bdominal segments with no lateral tubercular folds, 4, Elytra and wii gs well developed, Daa Bodiyede presse diccssasvenceseesncessceteseunaccss PLATYLABIA, 5°5, Body convex, i de
66 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV
6, Body pubescent, short, broad .as..ssereesee ECHINOSOMA, 6°6. Body not pubescent, long, not parti- cularly broadened. 7. Force;s stout, the branches contizu- ous, simple, denticulated but not
UGOLNEM ian. ass scesacscaerecncieh conceeeetend PSALIS, 77, Forceps more slender, with the branches remote at the base ...... LABIDURA, 4:4, Elytra rudimentary or absent; wings PINS Lats soporceoeBoetodes OoCoDsbaaQUccadancaceosoLe abo ANISOLABIS.
3°3, Second and third abdominal segments fur- nished with lateral tubercular folds or spines. 4, Wings absent ; elytra abortive..........cssessceeee BRACHYLABIS, 44, Elytra always, wings usually well developed. 5, Large species; lateral tubercles of the abdomen developed into spines. Forceps VET lCM@usecntesecnstenes SeiesnueSasssdasiencesactse FORCIPULA. 50 Size small or medium ; folds of the abdomen very small, Forceps very short (long in one or two species not occurring in Ceylon) .........-...000 s«00....LABIA, 2. Second tarsal segment lobed or heart-sbaped. 3. Second tarsal segment produced into a Icbe beneath the third, ......:..c0.s0000:. puensecuecnoss ...CHELISOCHES, 3°3. Secon’ tarsal segment simply lobed, 4, Forceps with the branches depressed or di- lated, contiguous, or nearly so, at the base, at least in the @. 5. Forceps dilated at first, then simple, always Ge pressed coisas cs ccasecteccasasressoccoeateeeet FORFICULA. 5°5. Forceps stout, the branches contiguous, or nearly so, throughout their length, COnLGalIes. sess dasiceseaicnrscectenere sierbadode CARCINOPHORA., 44, Forceps with the branches remote at base, slender and cylindrical.
Os
5, Abdomen cylindrical ; forceps simple or toothed on the inner margin only ...... APTERYGIDA, 55, Abdomen more or less dilated in the middle ; forceps, very sleider, armed with knobs and two teeth in the #, on BDY MALL... 2.2. sevsesderrecesercecee seuss DELS TH OCOS MLA, Neolobophora and Opisthocosmia are practically the same genera, divided by the presence or absence of wings. In Carcimophora he lateral tubercles
THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON, 67
are very faint or almost obsolete, and sometimes extremely difficult to distinguish ; they are simply Psalis without wings, or Anisolubis with well developed elytra, They are always shining-blackish in colour, Psalis is barely distinguishable from Labidura, The forceps of Psalis are conical as arule, and never so varied in shape as in Labidura. The females of Apterygeds and Forjicula cannot be distinguished. The males differ in the shape of the forceps alone, Labia is very difficult to distinguish from certain species of Spongophora—a genus that is not represented in the island as far as we know yet, Platylabia is only discriminated from Sparatta, another genus not yet recorded from Ceylon, by the absence of lateral folds. Anisolubis are invariably black, are very dark-brownin colour, In Echinosoma the body is either quite round or nearly so, that is, cylindrical and not at all depressed. Small specimens of Echinosoma and Bruchyl. bis are very much alike to look at, but the former genus has always the elytra and wings well developed, Forcipula can be recognised at a glance by its great size, and the very long and slender toothed forceps, as well as by the prominent spines upon the sides of the abdomen, NEOLOBOPHORA, Soudd,
Medium-sized insects. Elytra rudimentary, wings absent; forceps of the ¢ long and siender ; abdomen cylindrical, convex, Tubercles of second and third segments developed. Small scutellum visible between the elytra at the base,
Neolobophora, Scudd., 1875, Ent. Notes,, IV., 36, Proc, Bost. Soc. N, H.
Xvil., 202. Borm., 1900, Forf. 22,
This genus may te recognised by its slenderness, elongated forceps, absence of wings and rudimentary elytra. It is very closely allied to Opisthocosmia. On the strength of the scutellum it is often removed to the neighbourhood of Pygidicrana, but it more naturally falls in near the firstementioned genus,
NEOLOBOPHORA TANUL, sp. nu. _ Fusco-testacea, glabra, nitida, Elytra longiora quam latiora, parallela, formam efficientia triangulorum duorum, apicibus truncatis attingentibus, sicut in quibus’am Cheliduris; scutello patente. Alix nullis, Abdomen convexum, ultra medium paullo dilatatum, segmento ultimo valde attenuato, declivi, segmento penultimo dorsali inermi, Forcipis crura, @, basi contigua subdeplanata, dehince divergentia, ovatoarcuata, gracillima, intus medio, denticulata. @. Long. corporis ..........9 mm, “i FOLCIPIS:..«o406---0) MM,
HEAD convex, darkish-testaceous, eyes black, not very prominent, Antennae with nine segments, pale, testaceous near the base, becoming darker towards the apex, all the segments being elongate and pear-shaped, each segment, after the first, being somewhat longer than the last,
68 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.
PRONOTUM slightly narrower than the head, almost square, but slightly broader than long; the anterior and posterior borders are’ straizht.
ELYTRA are small, formed as in certain Chel/dure, parallel, obliquely truncated posteriorly, the anterior borde: also being oblique to reveal the scutellum ; the form of the elytra is like two equilater.] triangles with the apices truncated, being placed tozether, this truncated pait of each being conti uons with that of the other. Near the base of each elytron there is a small obl ng depression.
WIN:+5 absent.
FERT slender, testaceous,
ABDOMEN smooth and slender, slightly dilated beycnd the middle, the last dorsal segment being strongly attenuated and narrowed. The second dorsal segment fears a faint, the third a prominent lateral tubercle; the penultimate dorsal segment is unarmed, The last segment is furnished with a small tubercle at each posterior angle,
FORCEPS are very slender and elongated; the branches are very slightly dilated near the base ; at the base itself they are remote, but become conti- guous almost immediately for ashort part of their length, then diverging, to form an elongat> oval, the apices just meeting; the inner marginis armed beyond the contiguous part with two minute teeth.
The 9 is unknown.
Habitat,—Ceylon (Thwaites, in coll. Hope, ex-coll., Westwood),
This species is closely allied to NV. aséatica (Borm.), but may be distinguished by the shape of the forceps, which are quite straight, seen from the side, and not undulating ; the penultimate dorsal segment is also unaimed, and the elytra are different in shape, as is also the pronotum,
There is-a doubtful winged species of the genus known from Madagascar, but it is otherwise confined to the Neotropical Region.
Genus 1.—PYGIDICRANA (Serville.)
Large insects. General colour yellowish-brown, varied with black or yellow, Antsine with more than 25 segments. Pronotum scurcely as bioad as the head, oval-round, or more or Jess rectangular in shape. The elytra are well dev loped, rounded at the apex, The scniellum is triangular, always distinct. The wings ure developed, and in most species project more or less beyond the elytra. The abdomen is long and cylindrical, without tubercular folds on tle second and third segments ; the last segment large, broadened in the @, The forceps are stout, the branches usually move or less conical in the @ and incurved, armed with strong teeth at the base, more or less. flattened; in the Q they are simple, straight and unarmed, The feet are short; the femora broad and flat, the first tarsal segment is zuaycely, as Ioug as.the’ third, the second is small and cylindrical,
Pygidicrana, Serville, 1831, Rev, Meth, atic 1839, Orth, 19,
THE BARWIGS OF CEYLONG. 62°22. 769
Borm.,, 1900. Forf, 15, Dohrn, Kirb,, Karsch., Burr., Scudd, eu This genus may:be recognised by its large size, general colouration, long antenne and distinct scutellum, It contains a Jittle less than thirty species, of which five are known to occur in Ceylon. PYGIDICRANA. 1. Head broader than pronotum. 2. Wings showing beyond elytra, 3. Head testaceous above, the borders black, with a black median line... 1, PICTA, Guerin, 3°3. Head black above, witha cen-
tral testaceous star-shaped mark, 2, MARMORICRURA, Ser. 2°2, Wings not showing beyond elytra, je) Bilytra unicolorous) <-.--ccccss--sseeses 3° NIETNERT, Dohrn. 3°3. Elytra yellow, edged with brown, 4. CUMINGIT, Dohrn, 1:1 Head narrower than pronotum.......... 5. ANGUS'ATA, Dohrn.
PYGIDICRANA PICTA, Guérin.
Medium sized,
Head yellowish, with black borders, and a black central line ; mouth parts varied with black, The antenne have more than thirty segments, which are brownish, Pronotum slightly narrower than the head, yellowish, with two black longitudinal bands; the corners are rounded, Scutellum, small, plain-yellow. Elytra brown, with three pale lines, the middle one broken obliquely truncated at apex. Wings well developed, yellow, with the suture darker and the outer margin darker. Sternum uniform yellow, Feet yellow, the femora banded with black, the tibie with a few indistinct black marks, First tarsal segments longer than the third, Abdomen reddish-brown, smooth, the last segment broadened, darker in colour, granulated, the hinder bcrder rounded, slightly emarginate at the corners, which end in a sharp point. For- ceps black, flat beneath, keeled above, the branches stout, straight, gradually converging, to form a small narrow oval, granulated on the ‘nner margin at the part meeting near the apex, and then contiguous until the apex itself, where the points decussate. In the Q the branches are contiguous their whole length, and toothed on the inner side, _The whole body is pubescent.
Length of the bod y............csssvee 6 2 27mm, i pete LOCO DSi ecenceesene wee & 7mm, Q 3-5 mm,
‘Pygidicrana picta Guérin,, Magasin de Zoolog., 1838, VIII 70, tab. 236, fig, 1.
Dohrn, 1863, Stett. Eut. Zeit,, xxiv., 50. ; Borm, 1900, -Forf. 18, Habitat, —India, Madras (Guérin) ; Ceylon (Dohrn), Ceylon (Mus, Brux.). PYGIDICRANA MARMORICRURA, Serv.
Large, General colour dull-black, the aifferent organs varied with light.
testaceous, The head is dark-fuscous, with a testaceous patch in the centre
70- JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.
of the occiput. Antenne with more than thirty segments, The pronotam is oval, narrower thn the head, pale-testaceous, with two parallel fusccus bands, The scutellum is distinct and testaceous, The elytra are large and broad, fuscous, with a testaceous spot. The visible part of the wings is testaceous, The feet are light-testaceous, with fuscous spots and markings. The body is cylindrical, black and shining, the last segment large and some- what dilated, especially in the g. The forceps are, in the @, stout, the branches contiguous at the base, dilated and flattened, but almost immediately diveiging, forming a so ewhat elongate oval, the branches meeting a little short of the apex, where there is a tooth, The branches are then contiguous to the apex itself, where they decussate. In the Q the branches of the forceps are cylindrical, and straight, contiguous, unarmed, the apices slightly decussating,
The amount and depth of the coJouration varies very considerably, The forceps are usually black, but sometimes brownish, and often covered with golden hairs.
g 2
Length of the body......... ..23-28 mm....... 23-25 mm, ‘ ,, LOTCEPS.......6. Soll Oe arssemee ereeoe (OD Pygidicrana marmoricrura, Serv., 1839, Orth., p. 20. Dohrn, 1863, Stett. Ent. Zeit., xxiv., 51. Scudd., 1876, Ent, Notes, V., p. 69. (nec Dubr., 1879, Ann. Mus, Civ, Gen., xiv,, p. 351=P, finschi,:Karsch.), Borm. 1900, Forf. 19.
Pygidicrana marmoricauda, Sharp, 1895, Insects, I, 215. (Cambridge Nat. Hist.)
This species appears to be extremely common in Java, There is a specimen in the Hope Collection, Oxford, labelled, “ Thwaites, Ceylon,” and I have received from Mr, Green asingle female that I refer with some doubt to this species, from Matale, VI., 97, from beneath loose bark on the stems of cocos-
trees, Ae PYGIDICRANA NIETNERIT, Dohrn.
“ Yellowish-fuscous, the antenne, feet and pectus testaceous, the latter with a dark spot in the middle of the segments; the head yellow markings ; the forceps redcish, with a yellow spot at the base; hairy. Length of body 20, breadth 3, length of forceps 44mm,
Pygidicrana nietneri?, Dohrn, 1863, Stett, Ent. Zeit., xxiv, 53, Borm, 1900, Forf, 21.
Head brownish-yellow, the frontal and occipital sutures bright-yellow, as also, parallel with these, two short stripes, like the underside and antenne, The hinder border is slightly rounded. Pronotum longer than broad, with parallel sides ; in the centre is a clear yellow furrvw, on each side of which is a small dimple, brown, the narrow border clearer, with stiff hairs.
THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON. 7
Scutellum broad, short, coloured and pubescent like the pronotum, Elytra somewhat longer than the pronotum, uniform-brown, with stiff hairs, Pectus bright-yellow, with a brown spot inthe middle of each segment, Feet uniform-yellow, with long hairs, the first tarsal segment longer than the third. Abdomen somewhat clearer than the elytra, especially the hinder borders of the segments, clothed entirely with fine grev hairs; the last dorsal segment is truncated in the middle of the hinder border, on the sides strongly (ausgebuchtet), slightly puckered up at the corners, Forceps straight, the underside flat and smooth, the upperside flat at the base, keeled towards the point, hairy, toothed on the inner side as far as the apex, reddish-brown, with a yellow spot at the base,”
Habitat.—Ceylon (Nietner, Dohrn, B. M.),
PYGIDICRANA CUMINGI, Dohrn,
This is one of the smaller species of the genus. The head is dark, with a pale central spot; the pronotum is narrower than the head, oval, pale, with two parallel pale bands, The elytra «re ample, with a black border on each margin, broadest on the outside. The wings are not visible, The feet are uniform-testaceous in colour, The abdomen is black, broadens ing towards the apex, The last segment is large, each posterior angle being furnished with a small warty ridge in the ¢. In the 9 theanglesare simple, The forceps of the g are stout, the branches flattened and dilated, sub- contiguous, with a stout tooth on the outer margin near the base, the inner margin being unarmed ; near the apex the branches become more slender, and are curved upwards; at the apex the points meet, but the branches are curved asymmetrically, the left branch outwards, the right inwards, but the left branch is curved inwards strongly at the apex itself to meet the point of the right branch, In the 9 the branches of the forceps are stout and flattened, but simple and unarmed, contiguous throughout their length, decussating at the apex.
d ? Length of the body...... 19°5-21 mm. 19-21 mm. 3 byt PROLEGP Shee iO seeceatseccuces 4
Pygidicrana cumingi, Dohrn, 1863, Stett. Ent, Zeit., xxiv,, 54. Borm, 1900. Forf, 21.
This species was described by Dohrn from specimens from Ceylon, where it appears to be common. I have received numerous examples from Mr. Green from Punduloya, There is one specimen in the British Museum labelled “Ceylon”? The insect is adult in May, September to November, and I have larve from June and July. It is to be found under stones, loose bark, etc., and often comes in buildings.
PYGIDiCRANA ANGUSTATA, Dohrn,
I have not seen this species myself, and therefore give a translation of
Dohrn’s description,
72 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1V.
Reddish-black, the head marbled with yellowish, the antenne greyish, a median line and the margins of the pronotum, the scutellum, the suture _of the elytra to the base and a median spot on the elytra, the apices of the wings, and the feet yellow, the femora spotted with black, the margins of the abdominal segments reddish,
Length of body 17, breadth 23, length of forceps 3mm, ¢&.
Pygidicrana angustata, Dohrn, 1863, Stett. Ent. Zeit., xxiv., 56.
Borm, 1900, For f. 23,
Habitat—Ceylon (Neitner),
Head with shallow sutures, yellowish-grey, marbled ; underside pale-yel- lowish-grey ; antenne grey, with thirty-seven segments, Pronotum longer than broad, the sides paralle!, brownish-black, the median line pale-yellow with a narrow furrow ; near the hinder border the line is broadened out into -a yellow triangle with a black central line ; the sides are yellow with a some- what dilated spot near the shoulder, The body is bristly, Scutellum narrow, elongated pale-yellow, Elytra somewhat longer than the pronotum, brown, with a long yellow central spot, and the basal half of the suture is yellow, Wings but slightly projecting, clear-yellow. Sternum yellow, with brown spots on the centre of the segments, Feet greyish-yellow, femora with two black stripes onthe anterior side, with one black spot beneath ; tibize with a black ring at the base, and a black line in front, :first tarsal segment l:-nger than the third. Abdomen brownish-black, clothed with silky hairs, with the exception of the last segment ; this is shining, finely punctulated, the hinder
‘border convex. Forceps smooth beneath, keeled above, curved to the points ‘inwards, reddish-brown, with a yellow spot above at the base, Q in the Berlin Museum.
The most noticeable point in this species is that the head is narrower than the pronotum, The only other species in which this is so is P. liturata, Stal., an African form.
PYGIDICRANA (?) DILATICAUDA (Motsch,)
Elongated, depressed, shining-black ; last ten antennal segments, the edges of the abdominal segment, the forceps and cheeks more or less. reddish- yellow ; head subtransverse, subbilobed behind, transversely subimpressed, with three foveole ; fourth antennal segment equal to the third ; thorax slightly. narrower than the head, somewhat elongated, depressed, anteriorly with three faint longitudinal impressions, the hinder border arcuate, the margin slightly sinuate in the middle, the sides slightly elevated, with a
distinct triangular scutellum, Elytra broader than the head, quadrate, pos- teriorly excised triangularly at the suture, the shoulders rounded ; wings pro- duced well beyond the elytra, coriaceous, shining-blackish, abdomen as broad as the elytra, scarcely dilated in the middle, depressed, sparsely punctulated, last segment broad, with a punctulation on each side, with a foveola in the middle, at the hinder margin with two impressions and two tubercles ;
THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON. 73
forceps a little longer than half the abdomen, laminiform, with a strong tooth at the base on the inner margin, dilated into an angle in the middle with three teeth, arched at the apex ; femora oval, stout.
Long corp. 3 1, lat. 3 1, long forcip, 3 1, Des Montagnes de Nura Elia. |
Forfiscelia dilaticauda, Motsch,, 1863, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, xxxvi., 3, pp- 3 and 4,
Lalia dilaticauda, Scudd., 1876, Proc. Bost, Soc. N. H.,, xviii., p. 319.
Platylabia dilaticauda, Borm. 1900, Forf, 75.
This species is totally unknown tome, Scudder places it in the genus Labia, but the presence of a distinct scutellum shows nearer affinity to Pygidicrana, as well as the: complicated and strongly toothed forceps. I have translated Motschulksy’s description word for word, He does not mention the sex,
de Bormans places it in Platylabia as a “sehr zweifelhafte Art” and con- siders it related to Platylabia Major, Dohrn,
Dohrn makes no mention of it in his Monograph.
DIPLATYS, Serville.
Body more or less depressed, Hyes very prominent, Antenne with 15-16 (occasionally 17) segments, Pronotum narrower than the head, nearly semicircular, the angles rounded. Scutellum small, Elytra ample, more than twice as long as the elytra, obliquely rounded at the apex. Wings project- ing well beyond the elytra, the membraneous folds showing at the suture, the exposed part being about half as long as the elytra, Abdomen cylindri- eal, in the @ dilated more or less near the apex. Second and third seg- ments beariug a lateral fold, often difficult to distinguish. In the 9Q the abdomen is attenvated nearer the apex, Forceps with the branches short and simple, in the @ slightly dilated at the base, contiguous or subcontiguous, unarmed, the apices meeting, In the female the branches are contiguous, conical, short and unarmed.
Diplatys, Serville, 1831, Ann, Soc. Nat., xxii., 33, id., 1839. Orth., 50,
Borm, 1900, Forf. 8, Scudd., Kirb., Burr.
Nannopygia, Dohrn, 1863, Stett. Ent. Zeit., xxiv,, 60 (nec Kirb.)
Dyscritina, Westw., 1881, Trans, Ent, Soc,, London, p, 601, pl. xxii., fig. 1 Green, 1898, Trans, Ent. Soc. London, 381.
Cylindrogaster, Kirb. (partim),
This remarkable genus 18 not likely to be confused with any other, except perhaps Cylindrogaster, Stal., from which it may be distinguished by the pre- sence of the lateral folds on tH second and third abdominal segmenis,
I have not examined the type of Dohrn’s Nannopygia, but the description of his N. gersteckeri corresponds exactly with D. longisetosa, Westw., and I cannot refrain from regarding them as identical, Westwood described the
10
74 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,
larva under the name Dyscritina, being unable to place it, owing to the extra- ordinary caudal segmented set, which have since been explained by Mr, Green’s observations,
Mr, Green’s work upon the life-history and development of the two
Ceylonese species has since become historic, and should be consulted by everybody iuterested in the subject,
1, Colour red, varied with fuscous ............1. GERSTACKERI, Dohrn,
1, 1. Colour black, varied with brown-and-white......2. NIGR/CEPS, Kirb.
. DIPLATYS GERSTACKERI (Dohrn.)°
Colour reddish-testaceous, varied with brown, Head te-taceous, sometimes darker anteriorly ; eyes prominent, black. Pronotum reddish, sometimes varied with brown, Elytra red, with an occasional brownish pa ch in the centre. Wings with the scale reddish, brownish on the outer border, Abdo- men durker-reddish, shining, Feet testaceous: the tubercles of the second and third segments are small and dificult to distinguish, Branches of the forceps stout, simple.
oe
LOng. COLpOTiS.......0.s0seeeseecee-seeee lO? 5-14°75 mm,
aS HOBSONS qpetwopanacnceosact cbosos Ail? Zi) mmien.
This species varies is colour froma uniform bright-red to a dull-brown in colour; the elytra may be plain-red or dull-brown, The whole body is pubescent.
Nannopygia gersteckeri, Dohrn, 1863, Stett, Ent, Zeit, xxiv., p. 60.
Scudd., 1876, Ent. Notes, V., 6¢.
Kirb,, 1890, Linn,, Soc. Journ, Zool., XXIII , p. 508 Borm., 1894, Ann. Mus, Civ, Gen, (2), xiv., 372, id. 1900, Forf. 11.
fa AR eS PU a DS es es
* As to the identity of Nannopygia gersteckeri, Dohrn, and Diplaty longiserosa, Westw., I am indebted to Herr Dr Mobius, Director of the Konizl, Museum fiir Ndtaurkune of Berlin for the following notes, made by Herr Dr. Kuhlgatz, of the same museum, Dohrn’s type of Nannopygia gersteckeri is in the Berlin collection, “ Diplatys longisetosa, Westw., is very closely allied to this species, but not actually identical with it. \annopygia gersteckeri is entirely brunze-coloured with black eyes; in Diplatys longisetosa the head is black. The forceps increas a little more in thickness from the apex t) the bas than in Nannopygia gersteckert. The elytra of the latter are uniform in colour and broader ‘han in D, longise- tosa, in which on the two posterior third of the elytra there isa long blackish shadow) streak (at least in the two specimes in the Berlin Museum), Bh forms prob bly beléng to one and he same ginus (?). In structure they scarcely differ at all.’
From this it will appear that I was perfectly justified in rejecting Dchr:’s genus Nannopygia, as identical with the earlier Diplatys, but apparently the two s ecies are disiinct, though very closely allied: it is possi le that t ey may !e dimorp ic forms cf one species, v hich i doubtless moe r1 ss v riab e in size and colour.
De Bor ans se; arates them by the form : f the last abdominal segment, wh'ch is scuare in Diplatys and scarcvly or not at all produced in Nannopygia; in the form:r the head is narrower behind, the se¢ nd tarsal segment is broader in the latter, I still prefer to regurd the two as one genus making .V. gersteckeri identical with D. longisetose and moving N. dohrni Kirb, to Carcinophora, q. v.
THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON. 75
Dyscritina longisetosa (larva), Westw., 1881, Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 601, pl) xxi, fig. 2. Green, 1896, Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 229, id, ibid,, 1898, 581. pl. xviii, figs. 4, 5, 16, pl. xix., figs, 9—14, Diplatys longisetosa, Burr,, 1848, Trans. Ent, Soc,, London, 388, Borm. 1900, Forf. 10,
Patria-—eylon (Dohrn); Punduloya, Ceylon (Green), Ceylon (Thwaites in coll. Hope.)
Mr, Green tells us that this species is:not uncommon in the district of Punduloya; in the larval stage, at least, it is to be found under stones, or under moss on rocks, or under loose bark on trees, It is extremely active, and the adult insect flies by night, and may be taken at light,
DIPLATYS NIGRICEPS (Kirb.)
General colour dull-black, palpi testaceous, Elytra slightly palerin the @ than inthe @. Scale of wings blackish, shorter than in the last species ; membraneous part ample, iridescent, Femora blackish, tibiz paler, blackish at the base, tarsi paler, Abdomen, in the @, slender, dilated at the apex ; in the ¥ shorter, attenuated towards the apex. Branches of tle forceps, ¢ simple, remote, gradually incurved to meet at the apex; of the @ simple, straight, conical.
WOMSMEOLPOLIS eccwesesssos) O De sscctreavess . 7mm, ER EOLCIDIS) sexesaccevcece te Deceaceccess bcos (be Expanse of wings ......... 19.
Cylindrogaster nigriceps, Kirb., 1890, Linn, Soc, Journ, Zool., xxiii., 507,
Diplatys nigriceps, Burr., 1898, Trans, Ent. Soc,, London, 389, pl, XVIII. fig. 1—3 ; pl. XIX., figs, 6—8 and 15.
Borm, 1900, Forf. 11.
This species is quite distinct from the former, being very different in colour. The two species may also be separated in the larval stages by the colour; this species being considerably darker, with shorter caudal sete,
Patria,—Hong Kong ; Bombay (Kirb., B.M.) ; Ceylon, Punduloya, Ceylon (Green).
The type from Hong Kong has the pronotum varied with white.
PLATYLABIA, Dohrn,
Body strongly depressed. General colour bright-reddish-testaceous and shining-black, Antenne with 10-12 oblong segments ; pronotum narrower than the head ; second tarsal segment simple ; abdomen without the lateral tubercles on the secundand third segments. Elytra and wings well developed,
7% JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.
Sides of the abdomen parallel. Branches of the forceps remote at the base in both sexes, more or less depressed. Platylodia, Dohrn, 1867, Stett. Ent. Zeit., xxviii, 347, Kirb, Borm, 1900, Forf, 73.
Latidophora, Scudd,, 1876, Proc, Bost., X. c, N. H., xviii, 297, Ent. Notes V., 37,
Scudder proposed to change the name of this genus, as there already exist- eda genus Platylabus, Wesmiel, in Hymenoptera, 1845, but his suggestion was not adopted, He still maintains that it is desirable.
This genus closely resembles Sparatta, and in the form of the antenne it approaches Labia, but it may be distinguished from either by the absence of the lateral folds on the second and third abdominal segments,
PLATYLABIA THORACICA, Dohrn.
Head dark-red-brown, the antenne paler; pronotum yellowish-brown, Elytra and wings black, well developed; sternum and feet yellow; abdomen and forceps yellowish-brown, darker near the apex, the anal segment with the hinder border straight; the pygidium in the ¢ is square, with a small point in the middle ; the forceps are flat, straight, with a tooth in the middle of the inner margin inthe ¢, curved gently in at the apex ; the forceps of the Q are the same as in the @, but without the median tooth,
In Dohrn’s description the forceps are ‘ deutlich zweikantig” onthe inner margin, but Iam uncertain whether this may apply to the actual edges, or to two projections,
Length of body, 4-5 mm, of the forceps 1-5 mm, (after Dohrn).
Platylabia thoracica, Dohrn, 1867, Stett. Ent, Zeit., xxviii, 348,
Borm, 1888, Ann. Mus, Civ. Gen. (2), vi. 436, id., 1694., op. cit, (2), xiv., 380,id., 1900. Forf, 73,
Labidophora thoracica, Scudd., 1876, Ent. Notes, V., 61.
Habitat.—Ceylon (Nietner, Dohrn),
The specimens which I refer to this species are from Ceylon (Mus, Brussels), and Punduloya, X.97, and V., 97, and Peredeniya, VI., 98, (Green. in, coll, mea.),
The species also is recorded from Penang (Dohrn), Aru Is, and Ternat (Durb), Burmah, Tenasserim (Borm,), Lombok and Java (coll, mea.).
I have seen no specimens which correspond exactly with the above des- cription, which is taken straight from Dohrn, but have examined a number of specimens which apyear to belong to this species, in which